Centella asiatica improves memory and executive function in middle-aged rats by controlling oxidative stress and cholinergic transmission.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, is a medicinal herb with rich history of traditional use in Indian subcontinent. This herb has been valued for its diverse range of medicinal properties including memory booster, and also as a folk treatment for skin diseases, wound healing and mild diuretic.

Indole: A promising scaffold for the discovery and development of potential anti-tubercular agents.

Indole-containing small molecules have been reported to have diverse pharmacological activities. The aromatic heterocyclic scaffold, which resembles various protein structures, has received attention from organic and medicinal chemists. Exploration of indole derivatives in drug discovery has rapidly yielded a vast array of biologically active compounds with broad therapeutic potential.

Centella asiatica Alleviates AlCl-induced Cognitive Impairment, Oxidative Stress, and Neurodegeneration by Modulating Cholinergic Activity and Oxidative Burden in Rat Brain.

Aluminum (Al) is linked to the development of many neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, and autism. Centella asiatica (CA) is a regenerating herb traditionally used to stimulate memory. This study was designed to assess the neuroprotective role of ethanolic extract of CA (CAE) in AlCl-induced neurological conditions in rats.

Consumption of Ashtanga Ghrita (clarified cow butter added with herb extracts) improves cognitive dysfunction induced by scopolamine in rats via regulation of acetylcholinesterase activity and oxidative stress.

Objectives: Ashtanga Ghrita (AG), an Indian traditional formulation, has been used to promote neuropharmacological activities. AG is made up of clarified cow butter (ghee) and eight different herbs.

Methods: To test whether scopolamine (SCP)-induced dementia and brain oxidative stress can be counteracted by AG, rats were separated into five groups (n=6/group): group one control, group two SCP (1 mg/kg b.

prevents D-galactose-Induced cognitive deficits, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in the adult rat brain.

Chronic D-galactose (D-gal) administration causes cognitive impairment and is used widely in animal models for anti-aging studies. (CA), a traditional herbal medicine, has been used as a brain tonic to enhance memory. This study evaluates the neuroprotective role of an ethanolic extract of (CAE) against D-gal-induced aging in rats.

An Insight in Pathophysiological Mechanism of Alzheimer's Disease and its Management Using Plant Natural Products.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated nervous system disorder and a leading cause of dementia worldwide. Clinically, it is described by cognitive impairment and pathophysiologically by deposition of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain and neurodegeneration. This article reviews the pathophysiology, course of neuronal degeneration, and the various possible hypothesis of AD progression.

Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity of Methanol Extract and its Fractions of Leaves on Human Cancer Cell Lines.

Background: , family Moraceae is well-known important medicinal plant used in the Indian system of medicine. In Ayurveda, stem bark of is recommended against elephantiasis for which there is still no any other effective medicine in the modern system of medicine.

Objectives: In the present work, methanol extract (SAM) and its fractions of leave tested for anticancer activity against cancer cell lines (MCF-7, A-549, Hep-G2, and K-562) which claims its folklore importance in cancer and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identification of extracts was also performed.

Biomolecular basis of matrix metallo proteinase-9 activity.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are structurally related endopeptidases. They are also known as metzincins due to their interaction with zinc ion of the conserved methionine (Met) at the active site. MMPs play an important role in physiological and signaling processes of wound healing, bone resorption and angiogenesis.

Phytochemicals and Cytotoxicity of on Human Cancer Cell Lines.

Background: The plant belongs to the family Asteraceae and traditionally used in the treatment rheumatism, kidney, liver dysfunctions and eye diseases. In the present study Phytochemical analysis and fractions of methanolic extract of leaves were tested for their cytotoxicity.

Objectives: Phytochemical analysis and cytotoxic activity of methanolic extract and fractions of against four cancer cell lines K562, HeLa, MIA-Pa-Ca-2 and MCF-2 by SRB assay.

Cytotoxicity of alkaloids isolated from Argemone mexicana on SW480 human colon cancer cell line.

Context: Argemone mexicana Linn. (Papaveraceae) has been used as traditional medicine in India and Taiwan for the treatment of skin diseases, inflammations, bilious, fever, etc. Some alkaloids of A.

Ichnocarpus frutescens Ameliorates Experimentally Induced Convulsion in Rats.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity and probable mechanism of action of the methanol root extract from I. frutescens (MEIF) using different experimental animal models. Anticonvulsant activity of the single dose of MEIF (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.

Comparison of the neuroprotective potential of Mucuna pruriens seed extract with estrogen in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mice model.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disease found in the aging population. Currently, many studies are being conducted to find a suitable and effective cure for PD, with an emphasis on the use of herbal plants. In Ayurveda, Mucuna pruriens (Mp), a leguminous plant, is used as an anti-inflammatory drug.

In-vitro scolicidal activity of Mallotus philippinensis (Lam.) Muell Arg. fruit glandular hair extract against hydatid cyst Echinococcus granulosus.

Objective: To investigate new scolicidal agent from natural resources to cope with the side effects associated with synthetic drugs in Echinococcosis.

Methods: The scolicidal potential of methanolic fruit powder extract (10 and 20 mg/mL) of Mallotus philippinensis (M. philippinensis) was investigated.

Two new 14-membered cyclopeptide alkaloids from Zizyphus xylopyra.

The phytochemical investigation of the bark of Zizyphus xylopyra resulted in the isolation of two new 14-membered ring cyclopeptide alkaloids, xylopyrine-G and xylopyrine H. Their structures have been established by chemical and spectral evidences.

Alkaloids and flavonoids of Argemone mexicana.

A new protopine alkaloid, protomexicine and a new isoflavonoid, mexitin, together with 8-methoxydihydrosanguinarine, 13-oxoprotopine, rutin and quercetrin have been isolated from the aerial part of the methanolic extract of Argemone mexicana. The structures of these compounds have been established by various spectral data. The structure of protomexicine was further confirmed by heteronuclear multiple bond correlation experiment.

Quaternary alkaloids of Argemone mexicana.

Four quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids, dehydrocorydalmine, jatrorrhizine, columbamine, and oxyberberine, have been isolated from the whole plant of Argemone mexicana Linn. (Papaveraceae) and their structures established by spectral evidence. This is the first report of these alkaloids (dehydrocorydalmine, jatrorrhizine, columbamine, and oxyberberine) from Argemone mexicana and the Argemone genus.

Methods, potentials, and limitations of gene delivery to regenerate central nervous system cells.

This review evaluates methods, success and limitations of transgenes delivery in central nervous system (CNS). Both viral and nonviral (such as liposome mediated) methods, expression and stability of transgenes have been discussed. The controlled expression and delivery techniques of transgene at the injured or diseased sites have also been discussed.

Song tutoring triggers CaMKII phosphorylation within a specialized portion of the avian basal ganglia.

In several songbird species, a specialized anterior forebrain pathway (AFP) that includes part of the avian basal ganglia has been implicated specifically in song learning. To further elucidate cellular mechanisms and circuitry involved in vocal learning, we used quantitative immunoblot analysis to determine if early song tutoring promotes within the AFP phosphorylation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), a multifunctional kinase whose phosphorylation at threonine 286 is critical for many forms of neural plasticity and behavioral learning. We report that in young male zebra finches likely to have begun the process of song acquisition, brief tutoring by a familiar conspecific adult promotes a dramatic increase in levels of phosphorylated CaMKII (pCaMKII) in Area X, the striatal/pallidal component of the AFP.

Developmental patterns of NMDAR expression within the song system do not recur during adult vocal plasticity in zebra finches.

All songbirds learn to sing during postnatal development but then display species differences in the capacity to learn song in adulthood. While the mechanisms that regulate avian vocal plasticity are not well characterized, one contributing factor may be the composition of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR). Previous studies of an anterior forebrain pathway implicated in vocal plasticity revealed significant regulation of NMDAR subunit expression during the developmental sensitive period for song learning.

Seasonal regulation of NMDA receptor NR2B mRNA in the adult canary song system.

Developmental changes in the composition and function of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are believed to regulate neural plasticity. For example, in songbirds, vocal learning entails NMDAR activation, and the sensitive period for such learning in zebra finches (ZFs) parallels developmental changes in NMDAR density and phenotype within several song-related brain regions. In contrast to ZFs, canaries exhibit vocal plasticity recurrently throughout adulthood, prompted by seasonal changes in day length and testosterone (T) levels.