A four-year simulation of soil aquifer treatment using columns filled with San Gabriel Valley sand.

Two column pairs filled with 3.05-m of a sandy soil from the Upper San Gabriel Valley were operated for a period of four and ½ years on municipal effluent from the San Jose Creek Water Reclamation Plant operated by the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County (LACSD). One column pair was fed filtered, chlorinated effluent (tertiary effluent) for the entire period.

Reliability of pathogen control in direct potable reuse: Performance evaluation and QMRA of a full-scale 1 MGD advanced treatment train.

To safely progress toward direct potable reuse (DPR), it is essential to ensure that DPR systems can provide public health protection equivalent to or greater than that of conventional drinking water sources. This study collected data over a one-year period from a full-scale DPR demonstration facility, and used both performance distribution functions (PDFs) and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to define and evaluate the reliability of the advanced water treatment facility (AWTF). The AWTF's ability to control enterovirus, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium was characterized using online monitoring of surrogates in a treatment train consisting of ozone, biological activated carbon, microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and ultraviolet light with an advanced oxidation process.

Treatment of symptomatic osteoporosis in children: a comparison of two pamidronate dosage regimens.

Bisphosphonate treatment for bone fragility has expanded beyond children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) to those with other causes of low bone mass. However, clinical efficacy and optimal dosing in non-OI patients has not been established. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of patients with non-OI-related bone fragility to describe the effects of two different pamidronate treatment regimens on the bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture rate of these children.

Pericardial effusion in severe hypothyroidism in children.

Pleural and pericardial effusion is a rare complication of severe hypothyroidism in children but can be present in 10 to 30% of adults. Most pediatric cases have been in children with Down syndrome. In this report, six cases of pericardial effusion in children with severe hypothyroidism with and without trisomy 21 are presented.

Evaluating UV/H2O2 processes for methyl tert-butyl ether and tertiary butyl alcohol removal: effect of pretreatment options and light sources.

In this paper, we evaluate the efficiency of UV/H2O2 process to remove methyl tert-butyl ether (MtBE) and tertiary butyl alcohol (tBA) from a drinking water source. Kinetic models were used to evaluate the removal efficiency of the UV/H2O2 technologies with different pretreatment options and light sources. Two commercial UV light sources, i.

Effects of sludge properties on the thickening and dewatering of waste activated sludge.

The thickening and dewatering of waste activated sludge, from a pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor and two bench-scale, complete-mix activated sludge reactors (high-shear and low-shear aeration) treating the same municipal primary effluent, were investigated. Solids settling and compaction were measured using the diluted sludge volume index (DSVI) analysis and a batch centrifugation analysis, respectively. Elevated levels of filamentous microorganisms resulted in higher DSVI values and lower centrifuged pellet concentration.

A comparison of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of sludges from a complete-mix activated sludge reactor and a submerged membrane bioreactor.

The properties of sludges from a pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) and two bench-scale complete-mix, activated sludge (CMAS) reactors treating municipal primary effluent were determined. Compared with the CMAS sludges, the SMBR sludge contained a higher amount of soluble microbial products (SMP) and colloidal material attributed to the use of a membrane for solid-liquid separation; a higher amount nocardioform bacteria, resulting from efficient foam trapping; and a lower amount of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), possibly because there was no selective pressure for the sludge to settle. High aeration rates in both the CMAS and SMBR reactors produced sludges with higher numbers of smaller particles.

Influence of mixed liquor properties and aeration intensity on membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor at high mixed liquor suspended solids concentrations.

This paper presents the results of 195 days of pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) experiments on settled municipal wastewater. Short-term and long-term thickening experiments were performed at a constant membrane flux of 30L/(m(2)h) to determine the impact of the following mixed liquor properties: colloidal material, soluble COD, soluble microbial products, extracellular polymeric substances, and viscosity along with aeration intensity on membrane fouling at high mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations. The normalized permeability declined with increasing MLSS concentrations in all experiments and increasing the coarse bubble aeration intensity increased the permeability at a given MLSS concentration.

The effect of organic loading on process performance and membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor treating municipal wastewater.

The results of experiments on municipal wastewater primary effluent are presented for a pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR). The SMBR pilot plant employed an ultrafiltration membrane with a nominal pore size of 0.035 microm and was operated at a constant membrane flux of 30 L/m(2)h.

Congenital leptin deficiency due to homozygosity for the Delta133G mutation: report of another case and evaluation of response to four years of leptin therapy.

Congenital leptin deficiency is a rare, but treatable, cause of severe early-onset obesity. To date, two United Kingdom families of Pakistani origin carrying a frameshift/premature stop mutation, c.398delG (Delta133G), and one Turkish family carrying a missense mutation, c.

Partial leptin deficiency and human adiposity.

The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin is crucial for energy homeostasis in mammals; mice and humans without it suffer from a voracious appetite and extreme obesity. The effect on energy balance of variations in plasma leptin above a minimal threshold is uncertain, however, particularly in humans. Here we examine a group of individuals who are genetically partially deficient in leptin, and show that differences in circulating leptin levels within the range found in normal human populations can directly influence the laying down of fat tissue (adiposity).

Evaluation of an integrated membrane system for water repurification.

An integrated membrane system was evaluated for water repurification. Performance evaluation of the membrane system was based on three criteria: flux and fouling, disinfection capability, and rejection of pollutants. Minimal membrane fouling was observed for all of the membranes employed in the study.

Feasibility of the membrane bioreactor process for water reclamation.

The feasibility of the membrane bioreactor (MBR) process for water reclamation was studied. Process evaluation was based on the following: literature review of MBRs, worldwide survey of MBRs, and preliminary costs estimates. The literature review and the survey have shown that the MBR process offers several benefits over the conventional activated sludge process, including: smaller space and reactor requirements, better effluent water quality, disinfection, increased volumetric loading, and less sludge production.

Continuous infusion of glucagon induces severe hyponatremia and thrombocytopenia in a premature neonate.

We report on a 35-week gestation infant who developed severe hyponatremia and thrombocytopenia after continuous infusion of glucagon for the treatment of intractable hypoglycemia. Given these serious side effects,glucagon infusion should be avoided in the treatment of premature infants.hypoglycemia, glucose, small for gestational age.

Human endogenous retrovirus with a high genomic sequence homology with IDDMK(1,2)22 is not specific for Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients but ubiquitous.

Aims/hypothesis: It has been reported recently that a novel human endogenous retroviral gene, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)K(1,2)22, was expressed in the plasma of Type I diabetic patients but not in that of nondiabetic control subjects. This investigation was initiated to determine the specificity of the selective expression of IDDMK(1,2)22 in diabetic patients.

Methods: We isolated the total RNA from the plasma and lymphocytes of 13 new onset Type I diabetic patients and 10 normal control subjects and amplified it by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.

Use of immunoglobulin A-antiendomysial antibody to screen for celiac disease in North American children with type 1 diabetes.

Objective: Our objective was to determine if a serological marker, the immunoglobulin A antiendomysial antibody (IgA-EMA), can be used to screen for celiac disease in North American children with type 1 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: Subjects included 236 diabetes clinic patients and 56 gastrointestinal clinic patients who underwent intestinal biopsy for suspected malabsorption. Total IgA and IgA-EMA assays were performed.

Communications at the pharmacy-nursing interface.

The next evolutionary step at the pharmacy-nursing interface is the implementation of a new patient care delivery model to enhance quality and contain costs. In addition, increasingly sophisticated biotechnology drugs and drug delivery systems will require close communication and collaborative practice between pharmacy and nursing. The effective communication interface already established will form the foundation for an even closer relationship and for working together effectively and efficiently in the constantly evolving health care environment.

Automated medication dispensing: the ATC 212 system.

Innovative technology is currently being designed and produced that will change the way hospital pharmacy is practiced in the future. Automated technology is becoming a powerful component of health care as human resources become scarce. The report describes a technology currently in use at a large general acute care hospital.

Methadone maintenance treatment of narcotic addiction: a unit of medical care based on over 50,000 patient treatment years.

The experience with methadone maintenance treatment by two major New York City methadone maintenance treatment programs using the Dole-Nyswander philosophy is reviewed. After more than 56,000 person-years in treatment over a 10-year period of time, a unit of medical experience exemplified by these two programs is evident. There was a high degree of patient acceptance, a small amount of recognized residual illicit drug abuse, and steeply reduced criminal activities of those patients who remained in treatment.