Oral Gels as an Alternative to Liquid Pediatric Suspensions Compounded from Commercial Tablets.

The aim of the study was to propose pharmacy-compounded oral gels as a new and alternative dosage form that is attractive to children as having a better masking taste than syrups and reducing the risk of spilling. The application and physical properties of the gels prepared with cellulose derivatives (hydroxyethylcellulose and carmellose sodium) or carbomers were evaluated. The results of the study showed the most suitable consistency, viscosity, and organoleptic properties for gels prepared with carbomer and cellulose derivatives at concentrations of 0.

Utilization of the Drug-Polymer Solid Dispersion Obtained by Ball Milling as a Taste Masking Method in the Development of Orodispersible Minitablets with Hydrocortisone in Pediatric Doses.

The objective of the conducted research was to design 2 mm orodispersible minitablets of pediatric doses of hydrocortisone (0.5 mg; 1.0 mg) with desirable pharmaceutical properties and eliminate the sensation of a bitter taste using preparation of solid dispersion by ball mill.

Alginate Oligosaccharides Affect Mechanical Properties and Antifungal Activity of Alginate Buccal Films with Posaconazole.

Sodium alginate and its oligosaccharides through potential antifungal properties might improve the activity of antifungal drugs enhancing their efficacy and potentially reducing the frequency of application. Mucoadhesive buccal films are oral dosage forms designed for maintaining both local or systemic drug effects and seem to be a very promising alternative to conventional oral formulations. Hence, in this study, mucoadhesive buccal films based on the alginate and its oligosaccharide oligomer composed predominantly of mannuronic acid for the administration of posaconazole-antifungal drug from the azole group were developed.

How to Modify Drug Release in Paediatric Dosage Forms? Novel Technologies and Modern Approaches with Regard to Children's Population.

In the pharmaceutical technology, paediatric population still presents the greatest challenge in terms of developing flexible and appropriate drug dosage forms. As for many medicines, there is a lack of paediatric dosage forms adequate for a child's age; it is a prevailing practice to use off label formulations. Children need balanced and personalized treatment, patient-friendly preparations, as well as therapy that facilitates dosing and thus eliminates frequent drug administration, which can be ensured by modified release (MR) forms.

Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in pituitary tumours.

Background: Microvessel density in angiogenesis is regarded as a prognostic factor of tumour invasiveness, independent of cell proliferation. In recent studies of pituitary tumours, correlation between the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and micro-vascularization density and microvessel surface density has been established. We studied the expression of COX-2 in different types of pituitary adenomas to determine the usefulness of COX-2 expression as a prognostic factor of tumour progression or recurrence in patients with hypophyseal tumours.

Efficacy and safety of 90Y-DOTATATE therapy in neuroendocrine tumours.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and toxicity of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with the use of the high affinity somatostatin receptor subtype 2 analogue, (90)Y labelled Tyr3-octreotate, ((90)Y-DOTATATE) in neuroendocrine tumours (NETs).

Material And Methods: 46 patients with disseminated or non-operable NET were enrolled in this study. The (90)Y-DOTATATE therapeutic activity was calculated per total body surface area up to a total of 7.

Repeated cycles of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT)--results and side-effects of the radioisotope 90Y-DOTA TATE, 177Lu-DOTA TATE or 90Y/177Lu-DOTA TATE therapy in patients with disseminated NET.

Purpose: PRRT is a known tool in the management of patients with disseminated and inoperable NETs. The aim of study was to assess the effectiveness of the repeated cycles of PRRT in patients with disseminated and inoperable NETs.

Material And Methods: Eighty nine patients were included in the PRRT.

[The risk assessment of lungs' apices injury in patients after radioactive iodine therapy due to hyperthyroidism].

In the light of recent research data hypothesis on radioactive iodine therapy leading to inflammatory reaction in lungs' apices has lately gained wider acceptance among pulmonologists. The study published of late showed that in one female patient previously treated with radioiodine due to toxic multinodular goiter 99mTc-Tectreotide uptake was found in the lung apex. The aim of study was evaluation of the risk assessment of inflammatory reaction in lungs' apices among patients treated with radioactive iodine due to hyperthyroidism.

Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy as a potential tool for neoadjuvant therapy in patients with inoperable neuroendocrine tumours (NETs).

Purpose: Neuroendocrine tumours (NET) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms of diffuse neuroendocrine cells. Surgery is the main aim in the treatment of NETs, which becomes impossible in the case of large tumours or infiltration into other tissues and/or important blood vessels. Neoadjuvant therapy might be helpful in decreasing NET size also, leading us to the point where a tumour, previously considered inoperable, becomes operable.

Neuroendocrine tumours of rare location.

Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) arising from dispersed endocrine system may originate from almost every location, although they are most commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system. NETs are considered as particularly rare if they constitute less than 1% of all neuroendocrine tumours. The aim of the paper is to present ten rare NETs from the database of the Endocrinology Department of the Jagiellonian University, Medical College: 4 NETs of the ampulla of Vater, 2 of the gallbladder, and 1 of the ovary, sphenoid sinus, Meckel's diverticulum, and epiglottis.

[Evaluation of cardiovascular autonomic nervous system in ethanol withdrawal].

Unlabelled: The aim of the study was to assess the risk factors and state of cardiovascular autonomic nervous system injury in ethanol dependent patients. The group examined consisted of 85 alcoholics (17 females and 68 males) aged from 27 to 68 y (45.7 +/- 8.

[Somatostatin receptors expression (SSTR1-SSTR5) in pheochromocytomas].

Confirmation of somatostatin receptors (SSTR) expression in neuroendocrine tumours has changed their modern diagnosis and therapy, and starts to influence the approach to pheochromocytomas. In vitro studies have revealed the SSTR expression in pheochromocytomas, particularly subtype 2A and 3. They also have indicated that their confinement to cell membranes is essential for successful diagnostics with the use of somatostatin analogues.

[Current opinions on pathogenesis, diagnostic procedures and management of gastric neuroendocrine tumors].

Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NET ventriculi) are rare neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, increasing in incidence over last fifty years, what partly could be explained by the common use of upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy. Pathogenesis of the NET ventriculi is not fully understood, however it is well known, that in all NET ventriculi types there is a hyperplasia of enterochromaffine-like cells (ECL) related to different stimuli. NET ventriculi type 1 is related to autoimmunological atrophic gastritis and hypergastrinaemia, NET ventriculi type 2 with hypergastrinemia in the course of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN 1) syndrome, NET ventriculi type 3 are sporadic tumors not related to hypergastrinaemia, usually with poor prognosis.

Effectiveness of the iodine prophylaxis model adopted in Poland.

Objective: Most of the Polish territory has been classified as an iodine-deficient and endemic goiter area according to the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency (ICCIDD) criteria. In 1997 the obligatory model of iodine prophylaxis was implemented. Our investigations were aimed at the effectiveness of iodine prophylaxis in Poland.

Iodine prophylaxis--the protective factor against stomach cancer in iodine deficient areas.

Background: Poland has one of the highest death rates for stomach cancer in Europe. Moderate iodine deficiency and in consequence high goitre prevalence led to the implementation in 1996 of a very efficient mandatory model of iodine prophylaxis, based on household salt iodisation (30 +/- 10 mg KI/1 kg of salt).

Aim Of The Study: The aim of the study was evaluation of incidence rate of stomach cancer and its possible relation to increased iodine consumption in the years 1992-2004.

[A case of GH and TSH secreting pituitary macroadenoma].

A case of GH and TSH secreting pituitary macroadenoma is reported. A 45-year-old female presented clinical features of acromegaly (the abnormal growth of the hands and feet, with lower jaw protrusion), diabetes mellitus, hypertension, nodular goiter and hyperthyroidism of unclear origin. NMR pituitary imaging revealed intra and extrasellar tumor.

[Diagnostic problems with recognition of primary hyperparathyroidism].

The aim of our study was to compare the results of biochemical and imaging investigations with histopathological diagnosis in operated patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. 46 subjects were included into the study, pathologically demonstrated as parathyroid adenoma--23 subjects, parathyroid hypertrophy--16, parathyroid carcinoma--2 and in 5 patients parathyroid gland was not found in resected tissue. The most frequent complications of primary hyperparathyroidism in our group were osteoporosis (87%) and nephrolithiasis (64.

[Analytical problems of iodine defficiency examination in Polish Nation-wide deficit control program].

The environmental iodine deficiency has been a serious problem in the Polish health care system for many years. In many European countries the prevention of iodine deficiency-related health deficits in population scale is based on edible salt supplementation with KI. In the decade of the 80-ties the iodine supplementation program in Poland was stopped, which has caused a subsequent increase in prevalence of goiter and iodine deficiency-related hypothyreosis.

[Assessment of early immunosuppressive therapy in the prevention of complications of Graves' disease].

Unlabelled: Regardless the autoimmune origin of Graves' disease, the preferred method of its treatment remains antithyroid drug administration. Use of immunosuppressive agents (mostly steroids) is still limited to the therapy of disease complications, such as proliferative ophthalmopathy. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of early immunosuppressive treatment of autoimmune thyrotoxicosis with azathioprine on the course of the disease and the incidence of its complications.

[Postprandial hypotension and autonomic neuropathy in diabetic patients].

Unlabelled: Postprandial hypotension is commonly defined as the decrease in systolic blood pressure of 20 mm Hg and more, observed within 2 hours after meal ingestion. This phenomenon was described in subjects with comprised function of autonomic nervous system. However, the data on its prevalence in diabetic patients are scarce.

[Evaluation of accordance between cytological and histopathological findings in selected thyroid tumors].

The thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is the decisive examination in the preoperative diagnostics of thyroid nodules. Different cytohistologic studies have revealed that the accuracy of FNA for thyroid nodules varied from 69% to 94%. The aim of our study was to compare the results of FNA with regard to final histopathological diagnosis among patients with follicular tumor, Hurthle cell tumor or papillary carcinoma in FNA.

[Unilateral exophthalmos during the course of cavernous sinus thrombosis: a case report].

Ophthalmopathy, particularly its infiltrative form, is considered a characteristic feature of Graves' disease. However many other also life-treating conditions may be manifested as unilateral exophthalmos and lead to diagnostic problems. A case of a sixty six-year old patient with asymmetric exophthalmos and rapidly decreasing vision acuity is reported.

[Pituitary tumors: hormonal status and immunohistochemical evaluation].

Unlabelled: New imaging modalities and hormonal diagnostic improvement have markedly increased the number of newly recognized pituitary tumours. Introduction of immunohistochemical assays in histopathological diagnostics of pitutary adenomas resulted in better understanding of pathology and clinics of these neoplasms. The aim of the study was to correlate the hormonal status and hematoxylin-eosin staining results with immunohistochemical staining of pituitary tumours.