Alleviating Pain in Oculoplastic Procedures by Reducing the Rate of Injection of Local Anaesthetic.

Purpose: To investigate whether the rate of infiltration of local anaesthetic influences the pain or efficacy of local anaesthesia in oculoplastic surgery.

Methods: A prospective observational study on consecutive patients undergoing a variety of oculoplastic procedures under local anaesthesia. An observer recorded the rate of injection of local anaesthetic during each procedure.

A prospective, multicentre study of malignant and premalignant lesions at the base of periocular cutaneous horns.

Purpose: The primary objective of the study was to determine the incidence of the various pathological conditions present at the base of the periocular cutaneous horns. The secondary objective was to study the presentation of these cutaneous horns with a view to finding any clinical indicators for premalignant, malignant and benign lesions at the base.

Methods: Prospective multicentre study of patients presenting with cutaneous horns.

A case of ectopic cilia in nail-patella syndrome.

Both ectopic cilia and nail-patella syndrome (NPS) are rare entities. To our knowledge we report the first case of the two anomalies coexisting in one patient. We present the case of a 2-year-old girl, with no other ophthalmic complication of NPS, who had an excellent cosmetic outcome and no lesion recurrence following surgical excision of ectopic cilia.

The role of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 in adipogenesis in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.

Context: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a sight-threatening autoimmune disease in which de novo adipogenesis has been identified as a fundamental pathogenic mechanism. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11beta-HSD1) increases cortisol bioavailability and is pivotal in mediating glucocorticoid responses in adipose tissue and inflammation.

Objective: In this study we characterize 11beta-HSD1 as a determinant of the adipogenic and inflammatory pathways in TAO orbital fat (OF) compared with normal OF.

Characterisation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 in human orbital adipose tissue: a comparison with subcutaneous and omental fat.

Glucocorticoids (GCs) have a profound effect on adipose biology increasing tissue mass causing central obesity. The pre-receptor regulation of GCs by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) that activates cortisol from cortisone has been postulated as a fundamental mechanism underlying the metabolic syndrome mediating adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the omental (OM) depot. Orbital adipose tissue (OF) is the site of intense inflammation and tissue remodelling in several orbital inflammatory disease states.