Cold tolerance and diapause within and across trophic levels: Endoparasitic wasps and their fly host have similar phenotypes.

Low temperatures associated with winter can limit the survival of organisms, especially ectotherms whose body temperature is similar to their environment. However, there is a gap in understanding how overwintering may vary among groups of species that interact closely, such as multiple parasitoid species that attack the same host insect. Here, we investigate cold tolerance and diapause phenotypes in three endoparasitoid wasps of the apple maggot fly Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae): Utetes canaliculatus, Diachasma alloeum, and Diachasmimorpha mellea (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).