From Response to Prevention: Enhancing EMS Impact With Harm Reduction and HIV Education.

EMS are crucial not only for immediate life-saving interventions but also for broader public health initiatives, particularly in harm reduction and HIV prevention. However, many EMS training programs lack comprehensive education and training in these areas, resulting in significant gaps in patient care and provider safety. As the opioid epidemic continues to devastate communities, the need for EMS personnel to be trained in harm reduction strategies, such as naloxone administration, and HIV prevention, has become increasingly urgent.

Barriers and Facilitators That Influence HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)-Prescribing Behaviors Among Primary Care Providers in the Southern United States.

The Southern United States (US) bears the highest burden of HIV prevalence in the country, disproportionately affecting African American communities. Despite the proven efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in reducing HIV transmission, its uptake remains suboptimal in this region. This study aimed to identify factors influencing PrEP-prescribing behaviors among primary care providers (PCPs) in the Southern US through the application of the transtheoretical model of behavior change.

The Prevalence of Sexual Misconduct in US Medical Education: Examining the Intersecting Vulnerabilities of Gender and Sexual Orientation.

This study explores the prevalence, characteristics, and correlates of sexual harassment and nonconsensual sexual contact among medical students in the United States (US). The study aims to understand the association between gender, sexual orientation, and these incidents within the context of undergraduate medical education in the US. Employing a cross-sectional approach, this study collected primary data from 23,124 medical students across various US allopathic and osteopathic medical schools.

Increased protein intake derived from leucine-enriched protein enhances the integrated myofibrillar protein synthetic response to short-term resistance training in untrained men and women: a 4-day randomized controlled trial.

Leucine is a critical amino acid stimulating myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS). The consumption of higher leucine-containing drinks stimulates MyoPS, but we know less about higher leucine solid foods. Here, we examined the effect of short-term resistance exercise training (STRT) combined with supplementation of a protein and leucine-enriched bar, compared with STRT alone, on integrated (%/day) rates of MyoPS and anabolic protein signaling.

Consumption of High-Leucine-Containing Protein Bar Following Breakfast Impacts Aminoacidemia and Subjective Appetite in Older Persons.

Background: Limited data are available examining dietary interventions for optimizing protein and leucine intake to stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in older humans.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the aminoacidemia and appetite responses of older adults after consuming breakfast, a meal frequently consumed with high-carbohydrate and below-par amounts of protein and leucine for stimulating MPS.

Methods: Five men and 3 women (means ± SD; age: 74 ± 7 y, BMI: 25.

Novel Essential Amino Acid Supplements Following Resistance Exercise Induce Aminoacidemia and Enhance Anabolic Signaling Irrespective of Age: A Proof-of-Concept Trial.

We investigated the effects of ingesting a leucine-enriched essential amino acid (EAA) gel alone or combined with resistance exercise (RE) versus RE alone (control) on plasma aminoacidemia and intramyocellular anabolic signaling in healthy younger (28 ± 4 years) and older (71 ± 3 years) adults. Blood samples were obtained throughout the three trials, while muscle biopsies were collected in the postabsorptive state and 2 h following RE, following the consumption of two 50 mL EAA gels (40% leucine, 15 g total EAA), and following RE with EAA (combination (COM)). Protein content and the phosphorylation status of key anabolic signaling proteins were determined via immunoblotting.

Aminoacidemia following ingestion of native whey protein, micellar casein, and a whey-casein blend in young men.

We examined the aminoacidemic, glycemic, and insulinemic responses following ingestion of 25 g of native whey protein, micellar casein, and a 1:1 blend of whey and casein in randomized order in young adult men. Blood samples were drawn at baseline and at regular intervals for 6 h following ingestion. Area under curve and peak plasma essential amino acid concentrations after the ingestion of the protein blend were similar to whey and greater compared with casein.

Perspective: Protein Requirements and Optimal Intakes in Aging: Are We Ready to Recommend More Than the Recommended Daily Allowance?

The Dietary Reference Intakes set the protein RDA for persons >19 y of age at 0.8 g protein ⋅ kg body weight-1 ⋅ d-1. A growing body of evidence suggests, however, that the protein RDA may be inadequate for older individuals.

Defining anabolic resistance: implications for delivery of clinical care nutrition.

Purpose Of Review: Skeletal muscle mass with aging, during critical care, and following critical care is a determinant of quality of life and survival. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that underpin skeletal muscle atrophy and recommendations to offset skeletal muscle atrophy with aging and during, as well as following, critical care.

Recent Findings: Anabolic resistance is responsible, in part, for skeletal muscle atrophy with aging, muscle disuse, and during disease states.

The rate of torque development: a unique, non-invasive indicator of eccentric-induced muscle damage?

This study examined the time courses of recovery for isometric peak torque and rate of torque development (RTD) after eccentric-induced muscle damage. 18 men completed 6 sets of 10 maximal eccentric isokinetic muscle actions at 30° · s(-1). Peak torque, peak RTD and RTD at 10 (RTD10), 50 (RTD50), 100 (RTD100) and 200 ms (RTD200), serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were measured before (PRE), immediately after (POST), 24, 48 and 72 h after eccentric exercise.

Differences among estimates of critical power and anaerobic work capacity derived from five mathematical models and the three-minute all-out test.

Estimates of critical power (CP) and anaerobic work capacity (AWC) from the power output vs. time relationship have been derived from various mathematical models. The purpose of this study was to examine estimates of CP and AWC from the multiple work bout, 2- and 3-parameter models, and those from the 3-minute all-out CP (CP3min) test.

Dissociations among direct and indirect indicators of adiposity in young wrestlers.

The purposes of this study were to: (a) examine the age-related patterns of differences in height (HT), body mass (BM), percent body fat (% fat), body mass index (BMI), and skinfolds (SF) in 11- to 18-year-old wrestlers; (b) determine the coherence of direct (% fat) and indirect (BMI and SFs) indicators of adiposity in the wrestlers; and (c) compare the age-related patterns and mean values for HT, BM, BMI, subscapular, and triceps SF for the wrestlers to those of national samples of boys from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. One hundred thirty wrestlers were divided into 8 independent yearly age groups (AG): AG11-AG18 years. Height, BM, BMI, subscapular SF, triceps SF, medial calf SF, thigh SF, sum of SFs, and % fat were assessed.

Metabolic, cardiovascular, and perceptual responses to a thermogenic nutritional supplement at rest, during exercise, and recovery in men.

Twenty-one men (mean ± SD; age = 23.5 ± 2.6 years, BMI = 26.

Effects of anatabine and unilateral maximal eccentric isokinetic muscle actions on serum markers of muscle damage and inflammation.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of anatabine supplementation in conjunction with unilateral, maximal eccentric isokinetic muscle actions on serum markers of muscle damage and pro-inflammatory cytokines in humans. Seventeen men (mean ± S.D.

An examination of neuromuscular and metabolic fatigue thresholds.

This study examined the relationships among the physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold (PWCFT), the power outputs associated with the gas exchange threshold (PGET) and the respiratory compensation point (PRCP), and critical power (CP) to identify possible physiological mechanisms underlying the onset of neuromuscular fatigue. Ten participants (mean ± SD age: 20 ± 1 years) performed a maximal incremental cycle ergometer test to determine the PWCFT, PGET, and PRCP. CP was determined from the 3 min all-out test.

The relationships among critical power determined from a 3-min all-out test, respiratory compensation point, gas exchange threshold, and ventilatory threshold.

Purpose: Critical power (CP) from the 3-min test was compared to the power outputs associated with thresholds determined from gas exchange parameters that have been used to demarcate the exercise-intensity domains including the respiratory compensation point (RCP), gas exchange threshold (GET), and ventilatory threshold (VT).

Method: Twenty-eight participants performed an incremental-cycle ergometer test to exhaustion. The VT was determined from the relationship between the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen uptake (VE/VO2) versus VO2 and the GET was determined using the V-slope method (VCO2 vs.

Physiologic responses to a thermogenic nutritional supplement at rest, during low-intensity exercise, and during recovery from exercise in college-aged women.

This study examined acute physiologic responses to a thermogenic nutritional supplement at rest, during exercise, and during recovery from exercise in women. Twelve women (mean ± SD age, 22.9 ± 3.

The effects of polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on anaerobic performance measures and body composition.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 28 days of polyethylene glycosylated creatine (PEG-creatine) supplementation (1.25 and 2.50 g·d) on anaerobic performance measures (vertical and broad jumps, 40-yard dash, 20-yard shuttle run, and 3-cone drill), upper- and lower-body muscular strength and endurance (bench press and leg extension), and body composition.

The effects of anatabine on non-invasive indicators of muscle damage: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.

Background: Anatabine (ANA), a minor tobacco alkaloid found in the Solanaceae family of plants, may exhibit anti-inflammatory activity, which may be useful to aid in recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine the effects of ANA supplementation on the recovery of isometric strength and selected non-invasive indicators of muscle damage.

Methods: A double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover design was used to study eighteen men (mean ± SD age = 22.

Neuromuscular and metabolic comparisons between ramp and step incremental cycle ergometer tests.

Introduction: We compared peak and submaximal mean values for neuromuscular and metabolic parameters between ramp (15 W · min(-1)) and step (30 W increments every 2 min) incremental cycle ergometer tests.

Methods: Thirteen healthy adults (7 men and 6 women; mean ± SD age = 23.4 ± 3.

Metabolic and neuromuscular responses at critical power from the 3-min all-out test.

The purpose of this study was to determine the specific metabolic and neuromuscular responses at critical power (CP) from the 3-min all-out test. Nine men (mean ± SD: aged 23.7 ± 3.

Mechanomyographic and metabolic responses during continuous cycle ergometry at critical power from the 3-min all-out test.

There are limited data regarding metabolic responses during continuous exhaustive rides at critical power (CP) from the 3-min all-out test. In addition, no previous studies have examined the mechanomyographic (MMG) responses at CP from the 3-min all-out test. Therefore, this study examined the metabolic and MMG responses during continuous exercise at CP determined from the 3-min all-out test.

Responses during exhaustive exercise at critical power determined from the 3-min all-out test.

The purpose of the present study was to examine oxygen consumption rate ([Vdot][Formula: see text]), heart rate (HR), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) responses, as well as time to exhaustion (Tlim) values during continuous rides at critical power (CP) determined from the 3-min all-out test. Eighteen participants (mean ± s: 23.6 ± 3.

Electromyographic and mechanomyographic responses across repeated maximal isometric and concentric muscle actions of the leg extensors.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the patterns of responses for torque, electromyographic (EMG) amplitude, EMG mean power frequency (MPF), mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude, and MMG MPF across 30 repeated maximal isometric (ISO) and concentric (CON) muscle actions of the leg extensors. Twelve female subjects (21.1±1.