Viscosupplementation with hyaluronic acid in the treatment for cartilage lesions: a review of current evidence and future directions.

Diseases involving the articular cartilage are one of the leading causes of physical impairment among the adult population. While surgical technique and advancement have allowed us effective means at treating these diseases, this is not without significant risk and morbidity. With a very solid safety profile, viscosupplementation with hyaluronic acid (HA) derivatives has become an excellent modality for treating diseased articular cartilage.

"Figure 8" single socket double bundle ACL technique.

Using single femoral and tibial tunnels, we describe a technique of anatomically recreating the anteromedial and posterolateral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) bundles. Transtibial, flexible reamers are utilized to create a "Figure 8" notched tunnel thereby recreating the anatomic footprint of the femoral insertion of the ACL. Rotational control of the individual bundles is created via the notched tunnel and each bundle is tensioned to 80 N individually.

Motion segment-sparing repair of symptomatic chronic pars defects.

Object: The current standard of care for symptomatic chronic spondylolysis (SP) is a one-level posterior spinal fusion for defects at L-5 or direct pars repair (motion segment sparing) for more rostral SP in younger patients and if no disc degeneration or listhesis is present. Since many patients with SP undergoing operative repair are young, a procedure with the lowest biomechanical profile is desirable, and direct pars repair is recommended. The authors here explore the limits of direct pars repair.

Hip dislocations--epidemiology, treatment, and outcomes.

Traumatic dislocations of the hip appear to be on the rise in North America. Multidetector CT, hip arthroscopy, and high field MRI have further defined the pathoanatomy of hip dislocations. They can be divided into simple and complex dislocations.