Zirconia-supported 11-molybdovanadophosphoric acid catalysts: effect of the preparation method on their catalytic activity and selectivity.

The oxidation of adamantane with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by zirconia-supported 11-molybdovanadophosphoric acid is shown to be a suitable green route for the synthesis of adamantanol and adamantanone. This work evaluates how the catalyst activity and selectivity are affected by some of its preparative parameters, such as the method for supporting the catalytically active heteropoly acid over the zirconia matrix or the pretreatments applied to the resulting materials before being used as heterogeneous catalysts. Our results indicate that the most effective catalysts able to maintain their activity after several reaction runs are those prepared by following the sol-gel route, whereas the most selective catalysts are those obtained by impregnation methods.

A Simple Approach To Develop Tailored Mesoporosity in Nanostructured Heteropolysalts.

In this study, we describe a very simple approach to the development of tailored mesoporosity in any nanostructured heteropolysalt with control over both the mesoporous volume and the pore size. This approach, which consists in the treatment of a solid microporous precursor with a basic agent, has been tested on the ammonium salt of the Keggin-type [PMo O ] heteropolyanion and constitutes a novel procedure for the preparation of mesoporous solids with no precedents. The results obtained in this study allow two main conclusions to be drawn: 1) the micro- and mesoporous structures in the heteropolysalt nanoparticles are independent from each other and 2) the development of mesoporosity in the solid material must be related to a process of alkaline degradation within the core of the nanocrystals that aggregate into the particles.

A Robust Open Framework Formed by Decavanadate Clusters and Copper(II) Complexes of Macrocyclic Polyamines: Permanent Microporosity and Catalytic Oxidation of Cycloalkanes.

The first decavanadate-based microporous hybrid, namely, [Cu(cyclam)][{Cu(cyclam)}2(V10O28)]·10H2O (1, cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) was prepared by reaction of (VO3)(-) anions and {Cu(cyclam)}(2+) complexes in NaCl (aq) at pH 4.6-4.7 and characterized by elemental analyses, thermogravimetry, and X-ray diffraction (powder, single-crystal) techniques.

Transcriptional organization of genes for protocatechuate and quinate degradation from Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1.

Quinate and protocatechuate are both abundant plant products and can serve, along with a large number of other aromatic or hydroaromatic compounds, as growth substrates for Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1. The respective genes are part of the chromosomal dca-pca-qui-pob-hca cluster encoding these pathways.

Differential DNA binding of transcriptional regulator PcaU from Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1.

Transcriptional regulator PcaU from Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1 governs expression of genes for protocatechuate degradation (pca genes) as a repressor or an activator depending on the levels of the inducer protocatechuate and of its own gene. PcaU is a member of the IclR protein family.

Effects exerted by transcriptional regulator PcaU from Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1.

Protocatechuate degradation is accomplished in a multistep inducible catabolic pathway in Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1. The induction is brought about by the transcriptional regulator PcaU in concert with the inducer protocatechuate.

Immunohistochemical localization of transferrin in the pre- and postnatal bovine brain.

The distribution of transferrin in brains from fetuses (age-range: 1-2 to 8-9 months of gestational age), calves, subadult (between 1 day and 9 months old) and adult cattle (> 12 months old) were examined by immunohistochemistry. In both pre- and postnatal brains transferrin was predominantly found in oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, transferrin immunostaining was present in single to few neurons, within the lumina of vessels, in endothelial cells, in epithelial cells of the choroid plexus and in ependymal cells.

[Immunohistochemical studies on organ tropism of different biotypes of BVD virus in experimentally infected sheep fetuses].

Paraffin sections from various organs of sheep fetuses following transplacental infection with non-cytopathogenic (ncp) bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) or cytopathogenic (cp) BVDV were stained immunohistochemically with BVDV-specific monoclonal antibodies. Comparison of the distribution of viral antigen in sections from fetuses of experiment A revealed that in organs such as parotid, thyroid, thymus, lung, spleen, kidney, liver and skin from 20 days post inoculation (p.i.

Development of myelination in the bovine fetal brain: an immunohistochemical study.

In this study, the development of myelination in the fetal bovine brain (age-range: between 1-2 and 8-9 months) was examined applying: 1. Immunohistochemical staining methods and antibodies against bovine proteolipid protein (PLP), synthetic tridecapeptide of bovine PLP, human myelin basic protein (MBP), human myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG); and 2. Using the Luxol fast-blue (LFB) technique.

[Urine protein analysis with the sodium-dodecyl-sulfate-polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in healthy cats and cats with kidney diseases].

In this investigation, the value of urine protein analysis by means of molecular-weight related sodium dodecyl-polyacryl gradient gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was examined with regard to its applicability and diagnostic significance in nephropathy in the cat. A total of 87 cats was included in the study, 30 of them that were clinically healthy served as the control group. The urine protein pattern of this group had, besides the band representing the market albumin, and additional broad band within the size of the marker transferrin.

Demonstration of amoeboid and ramified microglial cells in pre- and postnatal bovine brains by lectin histochemistry.

In embryonic, fetal and postnatal bovine brains the development and distribution of microglial cells was examined by lectin histochemistry, using the isolectin B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia (GSA I-B4), the lectin from Ricinus communis (RCA-I), and mistletoe lectin (ML I). With GSA I-B4 and ML I, different types of microglial cells, i.e.

Variation in neuropathogenicity in sheep fetuses transplacentally infected with non-cytopathogenic and cytopathogenic biotypes of bovine-virus diarrhoea virus.

Pregnant Merino ewes were inoculated intravenously between days 63 and 65 of gestation with a non-cytopathogenic (ncp) bovine-virus diarrhoea-virus (BVDV) isolate (experiment A). The histomorphological findings and the distribution of viral antigen, as revealed by immunohistochemistry in brains of fetuses from experiment A, were compared with those seen in fetal brains from a previous study (experiment B), in which pregnant ewes had been intravenously infected between days 65 and 68 of gestation with the cytopathogenic (cp) BVDV strain Indiana. The two viruses showed remarkable variations concerning their pathogenicity for the developing fetal brain.

Effects of trypsinization and microwave treatment on lectin labelling of microglial cells in paraffin-embedded sections from pre- and postnatal bovine brains.

The effects of microwave heat treatment on lectin histochemical staining of microglial cells with Griffonia simplicifolia B4 isolectin (GSA I-B4) and Ricinus communis agglutinin-I (RCA-I) in paraffin-embedded pre- and postnatal bovine brain tissue fixed in two different fixatives (Bouin's fluid and 4% neutral buffered formaldehyde) were examined, and the results compared with lectin labelling obtained in untreated and trypsinized serial sections. The results indicate that lectin labelling of bovine microglial cells depends on the kind of lectin applied, the fixative used for tissue preservation, the isotype of microglia to be labelled, and the pretreatment of tissue sections. In brain tissue fixed in Bouin's fluid, GSA I-B4 staining of both microglial isotypes, i.

Brain malformations in ovine fetuses associated with the cytopathogenic biotype of bovine viral-diarrhoea virus.

A total of six ewes were intravenously inoculated at between 65 and 68 days of gestation with the Indiana strain of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), containing both non-cytopathogenic (ncp) and cytopathogenic (cp) biotypes. Eight transplacentally infected fetuses were sequentially removed from the infected ewes and were found to have inflammatory lesions and malformations of the brain. BVDV RNA was isolated from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue sections and detected by nested polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription.

Expression of class II major histocompatibility complex molecules in renal tubular epithelial cells of canine kidneys affected with tubulointerstitial nephritis.

Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products are important molecules on various antigen-presenting cells and induce a T cell-specific immune response. The distribution of class II MHC molecules in the normal canine kidneys of dogs with tubulointerstitial nephritis was investigated by using a sensitive immunocytochemical method. In the normal canine kidney, class II MHC molecules were detected in interstitial 'dendritic' cells.

Ultrastructural co-localisation of vimentin and cytokeratin in visceral glomerular epithelial cells of dogs with glomerulonephritis.

The expression of cytokeratin and vimentin was studied in the glomerular epithelial cells of canine kidneys with and without glomerular abnormalities. Using ultrastructural, immunogold single and double labelling techniques, cytokeratin and vimentin were found together in the visceral glomerular epithelial cells (vGECs) of abnormal kidneys. In normal kidneys, the vGECs expressed only vimentin, and cytokeratin was found exclusively in parietal glomerular epithelial cells (pGECs).

Pathomorphological and immunohistological findings in cattle experimentally infected with rinderpest virus isolates of different pathogenicity.

Experimental infection of nine cattle with seven rinderpest virus strains of different pathogenicity resulted in significant variations of clinical signs, morphological lesions and distribution of viral antigen in tissues. The severity of clinical disease was correlated with the extent of tissue alterations and the amount of immunohistologically detectable viral antigen. Both mild and virulent strains of rinderpest share essentially the same tissue tropisms in vivo, i.

Brain lesions in calves following transplacental infection with bovine-virus diarrhoea virus.

In 33 calves and subadult cattle of the Holstein-Friesian breed ranging from 1 to 210 days of age, the spectrum of brain lesions induced by intra-uterine infection with bovine-virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) was retrospectively analysed. Of these, 27 animals originated from herds with a long history of BVD. Six calves were derived from dams vaccinated between the 90th and 118th day of gestation with a BVD live vaccine.

Participation of monocytes and macrophages in canine glomerular disease.

The presence of monocytes/macrophages (MPs) in renal glomeruli was investigated in 86 dogs with different types of glomerulopathies. The identification of MPs in tissue sections was based on cytological criteria and the immunohistochemical demonstration of lysozyme. The highest numbers of MPs in glomeruli were observed in focal and diffuse mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MesPGN), diffuse endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis (DEPGN), and diffuse mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (DMCGN).

Effect of formalin fixation and long-term storage on the detectability of bovine viral-diarrhoea-virus (BVDV) RNA in archival brain tissue using polymerase chain reaction.

Detection of DNA or RNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be hindered by degradation of nucleic acids during tissue collection, preparation and archivation. This study describes investigations on the effect of formalin fixation and prolonged storage of paraffin-embedded tissues on bovine viral-diarrhoea (BVD)-virus RNA as a model system. Brain tissues from eight persistently BVDV-infected calves containing high amounts of the virus were fixed in 5% neutral-buffered formalin or 10% non-buffered formalin for different fixation times, respectively, and paraffin embedded.

Histological and immunohistological classification of canine glomerular disease.

A histological and immunohistological study of the kidneys of 115 dogs, with and without clinical signs of spontaneous renal disease, was performed to prove the applicability of the WHO criteria for the classification of human glomerulopathy. Aside from the morphological investigation of paraffin and resin semithin sections, deposits of immunoglobulins, the complement component C3, and fibrinogen were observed immunoenzymatically in paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. From this, eight different types of glomerular lesions with various frequencies were identified: minor glomerular abnormalities (28 cases), focal and segmental hyalinosis and sclerosis (12 cases), focal glomerulonephritis (GN; 18 cases), diffuse membranous GN (nine cases), diffuse mesangial proliferative GN (2 cases), diffuse endocapillary proliferative GN (five cases), diffuse mesangiocapillary GN (25 cases), diffuse sclerosing GN (11 cases) und unclassified GN (two cases).

Evidence of cytokeratin expression in canine visceral glomerular epithelial cells in vivo.

Visceral glomerular epithelial cells (vGECs) originate from a mesenchymal blastema and transiently express cytokeratin during embryogenesis. There are no reports of cytokeratin expression in vGECs of mature, normal or damaged, human or other mammalian kidneys in vivo, but in vitro studies have provided evidence of the synthesis of cytokeratin in cultured vGECs. Cytokeratin expression was observed in vGECs in the damaged kidneys of four dogs with spontaneous renal diseases and, by using monoclonal antibodies, type 18 cytokeratin was identified.

Immunohistochemical localization of glial and neuronal cell markers in the developing bovine brain.

In the present immunohistochemical study, the distribution and differentiation of glial and neuronal cells in bovine fetal brains (age range: between 1-2 and 7-8 months) was examined using antibodies against nervous system-specific proteins, i.e., glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, neuron specific enolase (NSE) and a neurofilament protein subunit (NF200kD).

Virological and pathological findings in sheep fetuses following experimental infection of pregnant ewes with cytopathogenic-bovine-virus diarrhoea virus.

Eighteen pregnant Merino ewes were inoculated intravenously between days 65 and 68 of gestation with the unpurified cytopathogenic (cp) bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) strain Indiana (experiment I). In experiment II, three ewes were inoculated with the same virus after two successive plaque isolations in order to compare its pathogenicity for the fetus with special regard to lesions in the fetal brain. In experiment I, fetal blood and tissue samples, allantoic fluids and placentomes were collected sequentially between 10 and 80 days post-inoculation (p.

[Pemphigus foliaceus in a foal. A case history].

The clinical history, clinical, pathological and immunohistological findings of a four-month-old foal with generalised pemphigus foliaceus are presented. The typical lesions of this autoimmune skin disease are described and discussed.