Financial decision analysis based on "willingness to pay" for surgical sperm retrieval approaches among men with non-obstructive azoospermia in the United States.

Objective: To determine the most financially optimal surgical approach for testicular sperm retrieval for men with non-obstructive azoospermia.

Design: A decision tree was created examining five potential surgical approaches for men with non-obstructive azoospermia pursuing one cycle of intracytoplasmic sperm injection. An expected financial net loss was determined for each surgical option based on couples' willingness to pay for one cycle of intracytoplasmic sperm injection resulting in pregnancy.