Enhancing health outcomes for Māori elders through an intergenerational cultural exchange and physical activity programme: a cross-sectional baseline study.

Background: The study offers baseline data for a strengths-based approach emphasizing intergenerational cultural knowledge exchange and physical activity developed through a partnership with kaumātua (Māori elders) and kaumātua service providers. The study aims to identify the baseline characteristics, along with correlates of five key outcomes.

Methods: The study design is a cross-sectional survey.

Taste but not smell sensitivities are linked to dietary macronutrient composition.

Macronutrient intake and composition of diets (i.e., carbohydrate, protein, and fat) can vary substantially across individuals.

Effect of Wholegrain Flour Particle Size in Bread on Glycaemic and Insulinaemic Response among People with Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Crossover Trial.

Wholegrain flour produced by roller-milling is predominantly comprised of fine particles, while stoneground flour tends to have a comparatively smaller proportion of fine particles. Differences in flour particle size distribution can affect postprandial glycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes and postprandial insulinaemia in people with and without type 2 diabetes. No prior studies have investigated the effect of wholegrain flour particle size distribution on glycaemic or insulinaemic response among people with impaired glucose tolerance or risk factors for type 2 diabetes.

The role of an individual's olfactory discriminability in influencing snacking and habitual energy intake.

Recent studies have revealed close links between human olfaction, appetite, and food choice. However, it remains unclear whether olfactory sensitivity plays a direct role in determining food and energy intake. The present study addresses this question by assessing relationships between individual olfactory discriminability (at a suprathreshold level), snacking, and habitual energy intake.

The surface topography of silicone breast implants mediates the foreign body response in mice, rabbits and humans.

Silicone is widely used in chronic implants and is generally perceived to be safe. However, textured breast implants have been associated with immune-related complications, including malignancies. Here, by examining for up to one year the foreign body response and capsular fibrosis triggered by miniaturized or full-scale clinically approved breast implants with different surface topography (average roughness, 0-90 μm) placed in the mammary fat pads of mice or rabbits, respectively, we show that surface topography mediates immune responses to the implants.

Gelatinisation and milling whole-wheat increases postprandial blood glucose: randomised crossover study of adults with type 2 diabetes.

Aims/hypotheses: We examined the effects of milling and cooking whole grains in water to achieve starch gelatinisation on postprandial blood glucose using a randomised crossover open-label design. Participants were adults with type 2 diabetes whose body weight or medications had not changed in at least 3 months.

Methods: Postprandial blood glucose (measured as incremental AUC [iAUC]) was measured following consumption of four nutrient-matched whole-wheat porridge test-meals.

Factors Influencing Energy Drink Consumption in Participants and Viewers of Extreme Sports.

Objective: To quantify energy drink consumption and influences affecting consumption in those who participate in or watch extreme sports.

Methods: An online survey, informed by focus groups, was administered via Quadrics®. Advertisement was via social media, emailing extreme sport clubs, flyers at extreme sport locations, and word of mouth.

Energy utilisation and postprandial responses during sitting interrupted by regular activity breaks.

Interrupting sedentary behaviour with regular activity breaks benefits glycaemic control; however, the influence of the energy utilised during these activity breaks on postprandial metabolic response is relatively unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the energy utilisation of regular (every 30 min) short (1 min 40 s or 2 min) activity breaks was associated with the lowering of postprandial glycaemia, insulinemia and lipidemia. Using separate data from two previously performed studies (ALPhA Study n = 65, age 25.

Interrupting Sedentary Time in the Workplace Using Regular Short Activity Breaks: Practicality From an Employee Perspective.

Objective: To understand the practicalities of undertaking 2 to 3 minutes of light to moderate intensity physical activity after every 30 minutes of prolonged sitting by examining barriers and facilitators.

Methods: Around 27 (n = 22 women) employees working in higher education who sat for greater than 5 hours during a work day participated in a focus group discussion.

Results: Through inductive thematic analysis, themes characterising workplace culture and having the knowledge (or not) of benefits were found to be a facilitator and a barrier.

Wholegrain Particle Size Influences Postprandial Glycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Study Comparing Four Wholegrain Breads.

Objective: Wholegrain foods vary in the extent of processing. We investigated whether wholegrain particle size in bread influences postprandial glycemia in type 2 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: Postprandial glycemia (incremental area under the blood glucose curve [iAUC]) was measured after consumption of three breads made with roller-milled wholegrain flour and added grains and a fourth made with stone-ground flour.

Device-Measured Sedentary Behavior Patterns in Office-Based University Employees.

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe device-measured patterns of sedentary behavior in self-identified sedentary university employees.

Methods: Participants (n = 78) wore the ActiGraph GT3X+ and the activPAL3 for 7 days. Data from the ActiGraph were used to identify time in sedentary behavior, light-intensity, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.

Interrupting Prolonged Sitting with Regular Activity Breaks does not Acutely Influence Appetite: A Randomised Controlled Trial.

Regular activity breaks increase energy expenditure; however, this may promote compensatory eating behaviour. The present study compared the effects of regular activity breaks and prolonged sitting on appetite. In a randomised, cross-over trial, 36 healthy adults (BMI (Body Mass Index) 23.

Sedentary Behavior and Body Weight and Composition in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies.

Background: The cumulative effect of too much sedentary behavior may contribute to weight gain and obesity.

Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohorts and randomized controlled studies to determine the association between sedentary behavior and body weight and obesity in adults.

Data Sources And Study Selection: Relevant studies were identified from searches of the MEDLINE, Embase, AMED and PubMed databases up to May 2017, and by manual searches of in-text citations.

Vitamin D Supplementation Does Not Improve Sprint Performance in Professional Rugby Players: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Intervention Study.

Vitamin D insufficiency is common in athletes and may lower physical performance. Many cross-sectional studies associate vitamin D status with physical performance in athletes; however, there have been few prospective randomized controlled trials with adequate statistical power to test this relationship, and none in the southern hemisphere. Thus, a prospective double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled intervention trial was conducted involving 57 professional rugby union players in New Zealand.

Regular activity breaks combined with physical activity improve postprandial plasma triglyceride, nonesterified fatty acid, and insulin responses in healthy, normal weight adults: A randomized crossover trial.

Background: Compared with prolonged sitting, regular activity breaks immediately lower postprandial glucose and insulin, but not triglyceride responses. Postprandial triglycerides can be lowered by physical activity but the effect is often delayed by ∼12 to 24 hours.

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether regular activity breaks affect postprandial triglyceride response in a delayed manner similar to physical activity.

Medication discrepancy rates among Medicaid recipients at hospital discharge.

Objectives: To compare the rate of discrepancies per patient for medications changed during hospitalization in patients with and without prescription provider comments at hospital discharge. Secondary objectives included comparing 35-day readmission rates, describing the overall medication discrepancy rate stratified by age group and type of discrepancy, collecting average number of medication changes, and reporting percentage change in admission medications at discharge.

Methods: This single-center prospective cohort included NC Medicaid recipients discharged from East Carolina University Family Medicine service from November 1, 2015, to January 31, 2016.

Diet app use by sports dietitians: a survey in five countries.

Background: Despite the hundreds of diet apps available for use on smartphones (mobile phones), no studies have examined their use as tools for dietary assessment and tracking in sports nutrition.

Objective: The aim is to examine the prevalence and perceptions of using smartphone diet apps for dietary assessment and tracking among sports dietitians.

Methods: A cross-sectional online survey to examine the use and perception of diet apps was developed and distributed to sports dietitians in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States (US).

Postprandial Metabolic Effects of Accelerometer Measured Spontaneous Low-Level Activity.

Background: Interrupting sedentary time induces improvements in glucose metabolism; however, it is unclear how much activity is required to reduce the negative effects of prolonged sitting.

Methods: Sixty-six participants sat continuously for 9 hours except for required bathroom breaks. Participants were fed meal replacement beverages at 60, 240 and 420 min.

Breaking prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glycemia in healthy, normal-weight adults: a randomized crossover trial.

Background: Sedentary behavior is a risk factor for cardiometabolic disease. Regularly interrupting sedentary behavior with activity breaks may lower this risk.

Objective: We compared the effects of prolonged sitting, continuous physical activity combined with prolonged sitting, and regular activity breaks on postprandial metabolism.

Fluid and sodium balance of elite wheelchair rugby players.

Blood sodium concentration of tetraplegics during exercise has not been investigated. This study aimed to measure blood sodium changes in relation to fluid intakes and thermal comfort in tetraplegics during wheelchair rugby training. Twelve international male wheelchair rugby players volunteered, and measures were taken during 2 training sessions.

Insulin and fiber type in the offspring of T2DM subjects with resistance training and detraining.

Purpose: Effects of resistance training and detraining on glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose load, muscle fiber type, and muscular performance in the offspring of those with type 2 diabetes (familial insulin resistant (FIR)) were investigated.

Methods: Six FIR participants and 10 controls (C) completed 9 wk of resistance training and 9 wk of detraining. Measures of strength and power, an oral glucose tolerance test, and a muscle biopsy to determine myosin heavy chain (MHC) fiber composition were taken at baseline (T1), after training (T2), and after detraining (T3).

Physical activity and postprandial lipidemia: are energy expenditure and lipoprotein lipase activity the real modulators of the positive effect?

Historically, the link between elevated cholesterol and increased risk of cardiovascular disease has been based on fasting measurements. This is appropriate for total, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, triglyceride concentrations vary considerably throughout the day in response to the regular consumption of food and drink.