The relation between moderate alcohol consumption and cognitive function in older women with type 2 diabetes.

Aims: To examine the association between moderate drinking, cognitive function, and cognitive decline in women with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: From 1995 to 2001, we assessed cognitive function in 1,698 women aged 71-80 years with type 2 diabetes in the Nurses' Health Study. Assessments were repeated twice at 2-year intervals.

Serum phosphate is an important determinant of corrected serum calcium in end-stage kidney disease.

Background: Approximately 12% of bound blood calcium is linked to various anions including phosphate. In patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), serum phosphate is highly variable. We propose that establishing a formula to calculate albumin- and phosphate-corrected total calcium would be more appropriate to estimate free calcium in ESKD patients.

Guided goal setting: effectiveness in a dietary and physical activity intervention with low-income adolescents.

Objective: Determining the effectiveness of the guided goal setting strategy on changing adolescents' dietary and physical activity self-efficacy and behaviors.

Design: Adolescents were individually assigned to treatment (intervention with guided goal setting) or control conditions (intervention without guided goal setting) with data collected before and after the education intervention.

Setting: Urban middle school in a low-income community in Central California.

Soil nitrogen balance under wastewater management: field measurements and simulation results.

The use of treated wastewater for irrigation of crops could result in high nitrate-nitrogen (NO(3)-N) concentrations in the vadose zone and ground water. The goal of this 2-yr field-monitoring study in the deep silty clay loam soils south of Dodge City, Kansas, was to assess how and under what circumstances N from the secondary-treated, wastewater-irrigated corn reached the deep (20-45 m) water table of the underlying High Plains aquifer and what could be done to minimize this problem. We collected 15.

Pilot study: EatFit impacts sixth graders' academic performance on achievement of mathematics and english education standards.

Objective: Investigate the impact of a nutrition education program on student academic performance as measured by achievement of education standards.

Design: Quasi-experimental crossover-controlled study.

Setting: California Central Valley suburban elementary school (58% qualified for free or reduced-priced lunch).

Oral contraceptive use and incident urinary incontinence in premenopausal women.

Purpose: Recent data in postmenopausal women indicate that current and past use of exogenous hormones is related to urinary incontinence risk. Little is known about exogenous hormones and risk of urinary incontinence in younger women. We investigated the association between oral contraceptive pills and incident urinary incontinence in premenopausal women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study II.

Less-energy-dense diets of low-income women in California are associated with higher energy-adjusted diet costs.

Background: US-based studies are needed to estimate the relation, if any, between diet quality and estimated diet costs.

Objective: We hypothesized that lower cost diets among low-income women in California would be energy dense but nutrient poor.

Design: Energy and nutrient intakes for 112 women aged 18-45 y living in California were obtained with a food-frequency instrument.

Insulin resistance and amyloidogenesis as common molecular foundation for type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.

Characterized as a peripheral metabolic disorder and a degenerative disease of the central nervous system respectively, it is now widely recognized that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) share several common abnormalities including impaired glucose metabolism, increased oxidative stress, insulin resistance and amyloidogenesis. Several recent studies suggest that this is not an epiphenomenon, but rather these two diseases disrupt common molecular pathways and each disease compounds the progression of the other. For instance, in AD the accumulation of the amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta), which characterizes the disease and is thought to participate in the neurodegenerative process, may also induce neuronal insulin resistance.

Postmenopausal hormone therapy and incident urinary incontinence in middle-aged women.

Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the association of hormone therapy with incident urinary incontinence (UI) in postmenopausal women aged 37-54 years in the Nurses' Health Study II.

Study Design: Participants reported use of hormone therapy, including hormone type, on biennial questionnaires from 1989 to 2001. Among 7341 postmenopausal women reporting no UI in 2001, we identified 1026 women who developed UI at least monthly between 2001 and 2003.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of stress, urge and mixed urinary incontinence.

Purpose: To improve the understanding of the etiological relation between type 2 diabetes and urinary incontinence, we examined associations between diabetes and urinary incontinence type in 71,650 women 37 to 79 years old in the Nurses' Health Study and the Nurses' Health Study II.

Materials And Methods: From 1976 to 2000 in the Nurses' Health Study and 1989 to 2001 in the Nurses' Health Study II participants reported diagnoses of type 2 diabetes. Women with incident urinary incontinence at least weekly were identified from 2000 to 2002 in the Nurses' Health Study and 2001 to 2003 in the Nurses' Health Study II.

"If the land is healthy ... it makes the people healthy": the relationship between caring for Country and health for the Yorta Yorta Nation, Boonwurrung and Bangerang Tribes.

This article reports on research undertaken with members of three Indigenous groups in Victoria, Australia, to explore the health and wellbeing implications of caring for Country (defined as having knowledge, sense of responsibility and inherent right to be involved in the management of traditional lands). The research findings provide a better understanding of this key determinant of the health and wellbeing of Indigenous people in the context of public health where there are few existing published studies assessing this relationship. Thirteen traditional custodians(1) and local Indigenous environmental workers were interviewed.

Relating gene expression data on two-component systems to functional annotations in Escherichia coli.

Background: Obtaining physiological insights from microarray experiments requires computational techniques that relate gene expression data to functional information. Traditionally, this has been done in two consecutive steps. The first step identifies important genes through clustering or statistical techniques, while the second step assigns biological functions to the identified groups.

Tigecycline in the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal and complicated skin and skin structure infections.

Tigecycline, a glycylcycline related to the tetracycline class of antibiotics, represents a new option for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal and complicated skin and skin structure infections. It displays favorable activity in vitro against the most common causative Gram-positive, Gram-negative and anaerobic pathogens. In addition, tigecycline demonstrates activity against drug-resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and organisms (such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.

Older people's relationships with companion animals: a pilot study.

When older people enter residential care facilities, disruption to social networks may occur, with detrimental effects on health and wellbeing. This article reports on a study undertaken in an aged care facility in Melbourne, Australia, that explored the potential for a visiting companion animal programme to improve the health and wellbeing of residents and to promote their capacity for building relationships. Results back assertions in the literature that companion animals foster relationships by giving people opportunities to interact with others, but further study is needed to verify the link.

The epidemiology of urinary incontinence in older women: incidence, progression, and remission.

Objectives: To examine the epidemiology of urinary incontinence (UI) in older women.

Design: Prospective study.

Setting: Nurses' Health Study.

Improving readability of an evaluation tool for low-income clients using visual information processing theories.

Literacy is an issue for many low-income audiences. Using visual information processing theories, the goal was improving readability of a food behavior checklist and ultimately improving its ability to accurately capture existing changes in dietary behaviors. Using group interviews, low-income clients (n = 18) evaluated 4 visual styles.

Effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to chromium picolinate or picolinic acid on neurological development in CD-1 mice.

Chromium picolinate, Cr(pic)3, a popular dietary supplement marketed as an aid in fat loss and lean muscle gain, has also been suggested as a therapy for women with gestational diabetes. The current study investigated the effects of maternal exposure to Cr(pic)3 and picolinic acid during gestation and lactation on neurological development of the offspring. Mated female CD-1 mice were fed diets from implantation through weaning that were either untreated or that contained Cr(pic)3 (200 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) or picolinic acid (174 mg kg(-1) day(-1)).

MHC-unrestricted lysis of MUC1-expressing cells by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Many human adenocarcinomas can be killed in vitro by targeted cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL); however, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restrictions are typically required. The MUC1 antigen is common in many human adenocarcinomas, and is associated with a variable number of tandem repeats. It has been proposed that antigens with such repeated epitopes may be vulnerable to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte killing without MHC-restriction.

BMI, waist circumference, and incident urinary incontinence in older women.

Overall body fat and central adiposity may reflect different mechanisms leading to urinary incontinence (UI). We examined the associations of BMI and waist circumference with incident UI, including the independent associations of BMI and waist circumference with UI type, among women aged 54-79 years in the Nurses' Health Study. Study participants reported their height in 1976 and their weight and waist circumference in 2000.