Effects of the antifungal imidazole ketoconazole on CYP1A and CYP3A in rainbow trout and killifish.

The use of N-substituted imidazoles is widespread, and imidazole and triazole fungicides have been detected in the aquatic environment and shown to bioaccumulate in fish. We have investigated effects of the model imidazole, ketoconazole, on drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) forms. We focused on cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A) expression and activities in juvenile rainbow trout and in adult killifish.

Effects of alkylphenols on CYP1A and CYP3A expression in first spawning Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).

Alkylphenols are continuously released into the ocean as a result of offshore oil production. Alkylphenols, including 4-tert-butylphenol (C4), 4n-pentylphenol (C5), 4n-hexylphenol (C6), and 4n-heptylphenol (C7), up to 237 ppb concentrations, have been detected in produced water from oil platforms. Previous studies have shown that alkylphenols induce vitellogenesis in fish.

Biomarker responses and chemical analyses in fish indicate leakage of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other compounds from car tire rubber.

Rubber tire material contains toxic compounds including oils rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), so-called highly aromatic (HA) oils, as well as other reactive additives used as antioxidants, antiozonants, and vulcanization accelerators. The toxicity of rubber tire leachates to aquatic organisms has been demonstrated before. However, previous studies have focused on lethal rather than sublethal effects.

Phylogenetic analysis of the cytochrome P450 3 (CYP3) gene family.

Cytochrome P450 genes (CYP) constitute a superfamily with members known from the Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. The CYP3 gene family includes the CYP3A and CYP3B subfamilies. Members of the CYP3A subfamily represent the dominant CYP forms expressed in the digestive and respiratory tracts of vertebrates.

Hepatic versus extrahepatic expression of CYP3A30 and CYP3A56 in adult killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus).

Members of the CYP3A subfamily represent the largest portion of CYP proteins in liver and intestine in vertebrates. The CYP3A enzymes are involved in metabolic clearance of numerous chemically diverse compounds including toxins, carcinogens, pesticides, therapeutic drugs, dietary products and hormones. Most studies of CYP3A have been performed in mammals, whereas relatively little is known of that in non-mammalian species.