Nanoscale CAR Organization at the Immune Synapse Correlates with CAR-T Effector Functions.

T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are at the forefront of clinical treatment of cancers. Still, the nanoscale organization of CARs at the interface of CAR-Ts with target cells, which is essential for TCR-mediated T cell activation, remains poorly understood. Here, we studied the nanoscale organization of CARs targeting CD138 proteoglycans in such fixed and live interfaces, generated optimally for single-molecule localization microscopy.

Comparing Intraperitoneal and Intravenous Personalized ErbB2CAR-T for the Treatment of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.

High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is the most common type of epithelial ovarian cancer. The majority of cases are diagnosed at advanced stages, when intraperitoneal (IP) spread has already occurred. Despite significant surgical and chemotherapeutic advances in HGSOC treatment over the past decades, survival rates with HGSOC have only modestly improved.

Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T Cells: A Potential Therapy for Cancer.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are genetically engineered T cells, directed against a tumor-associated antigen. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from CAR-T cells (CAR-T EVs) may preserve CAR-T activity and overcome one of the major obstacles responsible for CAR-T cell failure in patients with solid tumors. This study aimed to compare CAR-T EVs with their parental cells and explore their cell penetration and cytotoxic activity.

P32-specific CAR T cells with dual antitumor and antiangiogenic therapeutic potential in gliomas.

Glioblastoma is considered one of the most aggressive malignancies in adult and pediatric patients. Despite decades of research no curative treatment is available and it thus remains associated with a very dismal prognosis. Although recent pre-clinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the feasibility of chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) T cell immunotherapeutic approach in glioblastoma, tumor heterogeneity and antigen loss remain among one of the most important challenges to be addressed.

Treatment of Multiple Myeloma Using Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells with Dual Specificity.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has shown remarkable successes in fighting B-cell leukemias/lymphomas. Promising response rates are reported in patients treated with B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) CAR T cells for multiple myeloma. However, responses appear to be nondurable, highlighting the need to expand the repertoire of multiple myeloma-specific targets for immunotherapy and to generate new CAR T cells.

Less is more: reducing the number of administered chimeric antigen receptor T cells in a mouse model using a mathematically guided approach.

Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy is a novel approved treatment for hematological malignancies, still under development for solid tumors. Here, we use a rate equation-based mathematical model to discover regimens and schedules that maintain efficacy while potentially reducing toxicity by decreasing the amount of CAR-T infused. Tested on an in vivo murine model of spontaneous breast cancer, we show that our mathematical model accurately recapitulates in vivo tumor growth results achieved in the previous experiments.

Nanoparticulate vaccine inhibits tumor growth via improved T cell recruitment into melanoma and huHER2 breast cancer.

Nanoparticulate vaccines are promising tools to overcome cancer immune evasion. However, a deeper understanding on nanoparticle-immune cell interactions and treatments regime is required for optimal efficacy. We provide a comprehensive study of treatment schedules and mode of antigen-association to nanovaccines on the modulation of T cell immunity in vivo, under steady-state and tumor-bearing mice.

Suppression of murine colitis and its associated cancer by carcinoembryonic antigen-specific regulatory T cells.

The adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells (Tregs) offers a promising strategy to combat pathologies that are characterized by aberrant immune activation, including graft rejection and autoinflammatory diseases. Expression of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) gene in Tregs redirects them to the site of autoimmune activity, thereby increasing their suppressive efficiency while avoiding systemic immunosuppression. Since carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) has been shown to be overexpressed in both human colitis and colorectal cancer, we treated CEA-transgenic mice that were induced to develop colitis with CEA-specific CAR Tregs.

The emergence of T-bodies/CAR T cells.

The nickname "T-body" is used to denote a T cell expressing an antigen-specific or antibody-based chimeric receptor that combines antibody specificity with T-cell effector or regulatory function. Initially, we designed and constructed chimeric antibody-based receptors and expressed them in T cells to study the role of major histocompatibility complex in triggering T-cell activation. To this end, we replaced both variable domains (Vα and Vβ of the native T-cell receptor chains) with antibody-derived VH and VL sequences.

Elimination of progressive mammary cancer by repeated administrations of chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells.

Continuous oncogenic processes that generate cancer require an on-going treatment approach to eliminate the transformed cells, and prevent their further development. Here, we studied the ability of T cells expressing a chimeric antibody-based receptor (CAR) to offer a therapeutic benefit for breast cancer induced by erbB-2. We tested CAR-modified T cells (T-bodies) specific to erbB-2 for their antitumor potential in a mouse model overexpressing a human erbB-2 transgene that develops mammary tumors.

Mixed alkanethiol monolayers on submicrometric gold patterns: a controlled platform for studying cell-ligand interactions.

Nanoscale organization of surface ligands often has a critical effect on cell-surface interactions. We have developed an experimental system that allows a high degree of control over the 2-D spatial distribution of ligands. As a proof of concept, we used the developed system to study how T-cell activation is independently affected by antigen density and antigen amount per cell.

Redirected T cells that target pancreatic adenocarcinoma antigens eliminate tumors and metastases in mice.

Background & Aims: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) is often diagnosed at an advanced and inoperable stage, and standard systemic treatments are generally ineffective. We investigated the effects of adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T cells that express chimeric antibody-based receptors (CAR) to mice with primary and metastatic PAC xenografts.

Methods: Human effector T cells were genetically modified to express CAR against Her2/neu or CD24, a putative PAC stem cell antigen.

Electrically controlled molecular recognition harnessed to activate a cellular response.

Seamless embedment of electronic devices in biological systems is expected to add the outstanding computing power, memory, and speed of electronics to the biochemical toolbox of nature. Such amalgamation requires transduction of electronic signals into biochemical cues that affect cells. Inspired by biology, where pathways are directed by molecular recognition, we propose and demonstrate a generic electrical-to-biological transducer comprising a two-state electronic antigen and a chimeric cell receptor engineered to bind the antigen exclusively in its "on" state.

Redirected tumor-specific allogeneic T cells for universal treatment of cancer.

Adoptive cell transfer of allogeneic tumor-specific T cells could potentially be used as a universal treatment for cancer. We present a novel approach for adoptive immunotherapy using fully MHC-mismatched allogeneic T cells redirected with tumor-specific, non-MHC-restricted antibody-based chimeric antigen receptor (T-bodies) in the absence of GVHD. Mice bearing systemic metastatic disease were lymphodepleted by irradiation and treated with Her2/neu re-directed T cells.

Interspecies comparison of prostate cancer gene-expression profiles reveals genes associated with aggressive tumors.

Prostate cancer (PC) is a heterogeneous disease whose aggressive phenotype is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men. The identification of key molecules and pathways that play a pivotal role in PC progression towards an aggressive form is crucial. A major effort towards this end has been taken by global analyses of gene expression profiles.

Amelioration of colitis by genetically engineered murine regulatory T cells redirected by antigen-specific chimeric receptor.

Background & Aims: The therapeutic application of regulatory T cells (Tregs) for the treatment of inflammatory diseases is limited by the scarcity of antigen-specific Tregs. A preferred approach to endow effector T cells (Teff) with a desired specificity uses chimeric immune receptors with antibody-type specificity. Accordingly, employing such chimeric immune receptors to redirect Tregs to sites of inflammation may be a useful therapeutic approach to alleviate a broad scope of diseases in which an uncontrolled inflammatory response plays a major role.

Redirection of regulatory T cells with predetermined specificity for the treatment of experimental colitis in mice.

Background & Aims: Treatment with ex vivo expanded regulatory T cells (Tregs) is regarded as a promising therapeutic approach in inflammatory bowel disease but is hampered by impaired Treg accumulation and function at inflammatory sites. We aim to study whether antigen-specific redirected Tregs can overcome these limitations.

Methods: We developed transgenic mice whose T cells, including Tregs, express chimeric receptor (CR) made of antibody variable region as recognition unit and T-cell stimulatory and costimulatory domains to activate specifically in response to the predetermined model antigen 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP).

Irradiation enhances the metastatic potential of prostatic small cell carcinoma xenografts.

Background: Small cell carcinoma of the prostate (SCCP) is a rare subset of prostate cancer (0.5-2% of all prostatic carcinomas), predominantly composed of neuroendocrine (NE) cells, with a very poor prognosis. Irradiation is one of the mainstay options for SCCP local treatment, yet, little is known about the clinical response of these aggressive tumors to radiotherapy.

Redirecting immune cells against bone metastases: Immunotherapy of prostate cancer metastases using genetically programmed immune effector cells.

Extract: Metastasis of the bone is common in two of the major gender-specific malignancies -- breast and prostate cancers. Although both primary breast and prostate cancer are manageable by "classical" therapies such as surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy, when metastases (secondary cancers) disseminate to the bones these diseases are, by and large, incurable. Metastasis to the bone is implicated in around 70% of prostate and breast cancer deaths.

Redirected primary T cells harboring a chimeric receptor require costimulation for their antigen-specific activation.

Chimeric receptor (CR)-redirected lymphocytes (T bodies) have great potential in the eradication of tumor cells. To extend this approach to target cells that do not express surface ligands to costimulatory receptors (eg, cancer cells), we have generated an antibody-based tripartite chimeric receptor (TPCR) that contains scFv linked to the costimulatory molecule, CD28 without its ligand-binding domain, and to the cytoplasmic moiety of the FcRgamma subunit. In this study, we tested the ability of 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-specific TPCR to drive primary, naive T cells derived from CR-transgenic (Tg) mice to undergo full activation.

Adoptive immunotherapy of prostate cancer bone lesions using redirected effector lymphocytes.

Prostate cancer is currently the most commonly diagnosed noncutaneous malignancy in American men. When metastatic, usually to the bone, the disease is no longer curable and is usually treated palliatively with androgen ablation. However, after conversion to androgen-independent disease, there is no effective therapy currently available.

Immuno-gene therapy of established prostate tumors using chimeric receptor-redirected human lymphocytes.

Targeted adoptive immunotherapy is an attractive option for prostate cancer given its accessible primary location, the presence of specific tissue and tumor antigens, and the acceptability of collateral destruction of healthy prostrate tissue. The "T-body" approach, which uses genetically programmed, patient-derived lymphocytes transfected with chimeric receptor genes, combines the effector functions of T lymphocytes and natural killer cells with the ability of antibodies to recognize predefined surface antigens with high specificity and in a non-MHC restricted manner. We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of anti-erbB2 chimeric receptor-bearing human lymphocytes on human prostate cancer xenografts in a SCID mouse model.