Comparing code-free deep learning models to expert-designed models for detecting retinal diseases from optical coherence tomography.

Background: Code-free deep learning (CFDL) is a novel tool in artificial intelligence (AI). This study directly compared the discriminative performance of CFDL models designed by ophthalmologists without coding experience against bespoke models designed by AI experts in detecting retinal pathologies from optical coherence tomography (OCT) videos and fovea-centered images.

Methods: Using the same internal dataset of 1,173 OCT macular videos and fovea-centered images, model development was performed simultaneously but independently by an ophthalmology resident (CFDL models) and a postdoctoral researcher with expertise in AI (bespoke models).

Automated Machine Learning versus Expert-Designed Models in Ocular Toxoplasmosis: Detection and Lesion Localization Using Fundus Images.

Purpose: Automated machine learning (AutoML) allows clinicians without coding experience to build their own deep learning (DL) models. This study assesses the performance of AutoML in detecting and localizing ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) lesions in fundus images and compares it to expert-designed models.

Methods: Ophthalmology trainees without coding experience designed AutoML models using 304 labelled fundus images.

Assessing the medical reasoning skills of GPT-4 in complex ophthalmology cases.

Background/aims: This study assesses the proficiency of Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT)-4 in answering questions about complex clinical ophthalmology cases.

Methods: We tested GPT-4 on 422 Ophthalmology Clinical Challenges, and prompted the model to determine the diagnosis (open-ended question) and identify the next-step (multiple-choice question). We generated responses using two zero-shot prompting strategies, including zero-shot plan-and-solve+ (PS+), to improve the reasoning of the model.

Capabilities of GPT-4 in ophthalmology: an analysis of model entropy and progress towards human-level medical question answering.

Background: Evidence on the performance of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), a large language model (LLM), in the ophthalmology question-answering domain is needed.

Methods: We tested GPT-4 on two 260-question multiple choice question sets from the Basic and Clinical Science Course (BCSC) Self-Assessment Program and the OphthoQuestions question banks. We compared the accuracy of GPT-4 models with varying temperatures (creativity setting) and evaluated their responses in a subset of questions.

Natural History of Untreated Optic Neuritis Associated With Mild COVID-19 Infection.

This article describes a case of untreated optic neuritis occurring in the setting of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and provides new insights into the natural history of this condition. A 29-year-old male patient with no known ocular or systemic disease presented with pain on extraocular movements and sudden loss of vision in the inferior visual field affecting the right eye. He had tested positive for COVID-19 six days prior after experiencing mild upper respiratory symptoms.

Evaluating the Performance of ChatGPT in Ophthalmology: An Analysis of Its Successes and Shortcomings.

Purpose: Foundation models are a novel type of artificial intelligence algorithms, in which models are pretrained at scale on unannotated data and fine-tuned for a myriad of downstream tasks, such as generating text. This study assessed the accuracy of ChatGPT, a large language model (LLM), in the ophthalmology question-answering space.

Design: Evaluation of diagnostic test or technology.

Risk factors for epiretinal membrane formation and peeling following pars plana vitrectomy for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, an OCT guided analysis.

Background: To evaluate the rate and risk factors of epiretinal membrane (ERM) formation and need for ERM peeling after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for uncomplicated primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD).

Methods: Retrospective, single-center, cohort study of 119 consecutive patients (119 eyes) that underwent RRD repair using PPV. The primary outcomes were ERM formation, classified using an optical coherence tomography grading system, and the rate of ERM peeling.

Evolution of nacre- and prisms-related shell matrix proteins in the pen shell, Atrina pectinata.

The molluscan shell is a good model for understanding the mechanisms underlying biomineralization. It is composed of calcium carbonate crystals and many types of organic molecules, such as the matrix proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. The pen shell Atrina pectinata (Pterioida, Pinnidae) has two shell microstructures: an outer prismatic layer and an inner nacreous layer.

Indications and pathologic diagnoses of diagnostic chorioretinal biopsies in the province of Quebec, Canada.

Objective: To review the clinical usefulness of chorioretinal biopsies in diagnostically undefined cases of intraocular inflammation or chorioretinal lesions.

Design: Retrospective case series.

Participants: Seven patients who underwent chorioretinal biopsies.

Efficacy of ab-interno gelatin microstent implantation in primary and refractory glaucoma.

Objective: To evaluate the outcomes of ab interno gelatin microstent implantation alone and in combination with phacoemulsification for the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP).

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Participants: 141 eyes of 141 patients with any glaucoma subtype, including refractory glaucoma, operated in the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) from 2015-2018.

A Support System for Adolescent and Young Adult Patients with Cancer at a Comprehensive Cancer Center.

Cancer patients in adolescents and young adults (AYA) generation aged 15-39 years have various psychosocial needs during their treatment course such as school enrollment, finding employment, marriage, and fertility. It is difficult for medical professionals to gain experience related to providing medical care and consultation support to these kinds of AYA generation cancer patients. There is a need to provide information and establish both support and medical care systems that are able to meet the diverse needs unique to this generation.

Development of a code-free machine learning model for the classification of cataract surgery phases.

This study assessed the performance of automated machine learning (AutoML) in classifying cataract surgery phases from surgical videos. Two ophthalmology trainees without coding experience designed a deep learning model in Google Cloud AutoML Video Classification for the classification of 10 different cataract surgery phases. We used two open-access publicly available datasets (total of 122 surgeries) for model training, validation and testing.

Production of Agu piglets after transfer of embryos produced in vitro.

The present study was conducted to examine the feasibility of in vitro embryo production and transfer technologies for producing piglets of Agu, an Okinawan indigenous pig breed. After collection of oocytes from surgically dissected ovaries, they were subjected to in vitro maturation. After in vitro maturation/fertilization, a total of 616 putative embryos were transferred into four commercial Western pig recipients, one of which became pregnant and farrowed a total of eight Agu piglets.

Embryo production by intracytoplasmic injection of sperm retrieved from neonatal testicular tissue of Agu pigs after cryopreservation and grafting into nude mice.

The Agu is the only indigenous pig breed in Japan but its population is very small. In order to estimate the efficacy of testicular xenografting for the conservation of Agu pigs, we investigated whether neonatal testicular fragments would acquire the capacity to produce sperm after they had been cryopreserved and grafted into nude mice. Although on day 180 (day 0 = xenografting), grafts showed a low proportion of seminiferous tubule cross-sections containing sperm (0.

Endogenous Tuberculous Endophthalmitis and Panophthalmitis: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Case Series.

Purpose: To systematically review the characteristics of patients with endogenous tuberculous (TB) endophthalmitis and panophthalmitis in an effort to help clinicians with diagnosis and treatment.

Patients And Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science from inception to August 2020. References and abstracts were screened independently by two authors.

Outcomes and complications of Boston keratoprosthesis type I implantation in unilateral versus bilateral corneal blindness.

Objective: To compare the outcomes of Boston keratoprosthesis (KPro) type I implantation between patients who are legally blind versus sighted in the contralateral eye.

Design: Single centre retrospective comparative case series.

Participants: Patients who underwent Boston KPro type I implantation between 2008 and 2017.

Negative afterimages facilitate the detection of real images.

Negative, or complementary afterimages are experienced following brief adaptation to chromatic or achromatic stimuli, and are believed to be formed in the post-receptoral layers of the retinae. Afterimages can be cancelled by the addition of real images, suggesting that afterimages and real images are processed by similar mechanisms. However given their retinal origin, afterimage signals represented at the cortical level might have different spatio-temporal properties from their real images counterparts.

Comparison of growth performances, carcass characteristics, and meat qualities of Okinawan indigenous Agu pigs and crossbred pigs sired by Agu or Duroc boar.

Indigenous Okinawa Agu pigs are crossed with Large White × Landrace (WL) pigs to improve their meat production, but there is little information regarding the crossbreeding effects. The study aims to compare growth, carcass characteristics, and meat qualities of Agu pigs with those of WL crossbreeds with Agu sires (WLA) or Duroc sires (WLD). WLA pigs showed better growth performance and carcass characteristics and less intramuscular fat (IMF) contents than Agu ones, but they had higher fat deposition, smaller longissimus dorsi muscle area, and higher IMF contents than WLD pigs.

Evaluation of the genetic structure of indigenous Okinawa Agu pigs using microsatellite markers.

Objective: Agu pigs are indigenous to the Okinawa prefecture, which is the southernmost region of Japan. Agu pigs were exposed to a genetic bottleneck during the 20th century, due to the introduction of European pig breeds. The objective of this study was to elucidate the genetic structure of Agu pigs and to determine their relationships with those of five European breeds, two Chinese breeds and Ryukyu wild boar using microsatellite markers.

Maternal lineage of Okinawa indigenous Agu pig inferred from mitochondrial DNA control region.

Objective: The Agu is the only native pig breed in Japan, which is reared in Okinawa prefecture, the southernmost region in Japan. Its origins are considered to be of Asian lineage; however, the genetic background of the Agu is still unclear. The objective of this study was to elucidate the maternal lineage of the Okinawa indigenous Agu pig with the use of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region.

Needlescopic intragastric surgery facilitated by newly developed 2mm instruments.

Background: Intragastric surgery is a percutaneous endoluminal surgery in the stomach aimed at resection of tumors located at the esophagogastric junction (EGJ). We developed needlescopic intragastric surgery performed via 2 mm, 2 mm, and 5 mm ports (PEIGS-225).

Material And Methods: In cooperation with Niti-On Co.

Retinoid metabolism and ALDH1A2 (RALDH2) expression are altered in the transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate model.

Retinoids, which include vitamin A (retinol) and metabolites such as retinoic acid, can inhibit tumor growth and reverse carcinogenesis in animal models of prostate cancer. We analyzed retinoid signaling and metabolism in the TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate) model. We detected increased retinol and retinyl esters in prostates pooled from 24 to 36 week TRAMP transgenic positive mice compared to nontransgenic littermates by HPLC.

One- and two-photon-induced ring-cleavage reactions of strained benzocycloalkenes via hot molecules.

The ring-cleavage reactions of a series of benzocycloalkenes were studied using an ArF excimer laser. Product formation was significantly suppressed in the presence of nitrogen; therefore, the presence of vibrationally excited states (hot molecules), as intermediates, was indicated. The product of highly strained benzocyclobutene was linearly proportional to the laser fluence, whereas those of benzocyclopentene and benzocyclohexene were proportional to the square of the laser fluence in the presence of nitrogen.

Retinoic acid and the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin a inhibit the proliferation of human renal cell carcinoma in a xenograft tumor model.

Purpose: Therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is ineffective in the majority of patients. We have previously reported that retinoid-induced up-regulation of retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta) correlated with antitumor effects in RCCs. Recent studies show that there is a reduction in the level of RARbeta2 expression in cancer cells due in part to histone hypoacetylation.