HPV vaccination and anal HPV infection in gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men.

Background: Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) have a higher risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and related diseases and would benefit from preventive measures such as HPV vaccination. We assessed the association between HPV vaccination and anal HPV infection in HIV-negative gbMSM and gbMSM living with HIV from the Lubricant Investigation in Men to Inhibit Transmission of HPV Infection study.

Methods: Participants attended 7 visits over 12 months where they provided a nurse-collected anal sample and self-completed a questionnaire on risk factors and HPV vaccination.

Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine Effectiveness Against Cervical Intraepithelial Lesion Grade 2 or Worse in Norway: A Registry-Based Study of 0.9 Million Norwegian Women.

In Norway, single-cohort vaccination with quadrivalent human papillomavirus (qHPV) vaccine targeting 12-year-old girls took place in 2009-2016. In 2020, the oldest vaccinated cohort was 23 years old and had approached the age where risk of being diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) increases rapidly. The aim of this cohort study was to assess direct qHPV vaccine effectiveness (VE) against CIN2+ among Norwegian women aged 16-30 years in 2007-2020.

Impact of a carrageenan gel on viral load of genital human papillomavirus infections in sexually active women: Findings from the Carrageenan-gel Against Transmission of Cervical Human papillomavirus (CATCH) trial.

Previous research has shown that women's use of a carrageenan gel reduces the risk of acquiring genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections but does not help to clear existing ones. Although gel use may not result in complete clearance, it may decrease the viral load of HPV infections. We tested this hypothesis in the Carrageenan-gel Against Transmission of Cervical Human papillomavirus (CATCH) randomized controlled trial.

Efficacy and safety of a self-applied carrageenan-based gel to prevent human papillomavirus infection in sexually active young women (CATCH study): an exploratory phase IIB randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

Background: Carrageenan demonstrated potent anti-HPV (human papillomavirus) activity and in animal models. The Carrageenan-gel Against Transmission of Cervical Human papillomavirus trial's interim analysis (n = 277) demonstrated a 36% protective effect of carrageenan against incident HPV infections. Herein, we report the trial's final results.

Incidence of cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer in Denmark from 2000 to 2019: Population impact of multi-cohort vaccination against human papillomavirus infection.

In Denmark, vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implemented in the children's vaccination program (January 2009) and in multiple catch-up cohorts (October 2008 in girls 13-15 years and in August 2012 in women up to 27 years). In the present study we estimate incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC) during 2000-2019. All cases of CIN3 and AIS were identified from the nationwide Pathology Data Bank, while SCC and AC were identified from the Danish Cancer Registry.

Efficacy of a Carrageenan Gel in Increasing Clearance of Anal Human Papillomavirus Infections in Men: Interim Analysis of a Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Unlabelled: Preclinical studies have demonstrated carrageenan's anti-human papillomavirus (HPV) activity. We assessed efficacy of a carrageenan-based gel compared to a placebo gel in increasing the clearance of anal HPV infections among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM). Of 255 enrolled gbMSM, 134 were HPV positive at baseline and had valid HPV results for ≥2 visits.

Design and methods for the Carrageenan-gel Against Transmission of Cervical Human papillomavirus (CATCH) study: A randomized controlled trial.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, a common sexually transmitted infection, is causally associated with cervical cancer. Vaccination against HPV provides protection; however, HPV vaccines are exclusively prophylactic. Carrageenan, an extract from red algae, demonstrated potent anti-HPV activity in in vitro and animal studies.

Anogenital Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection, Seroprevalence, and Risk Factors for HPV Seropositivity Among Sexually Active Men Enrolled in a Global HPV Vaccine Trial.

Background: In men, the incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancer is rising, but data regarding male HPV infection and seroprevalence are available from only a few countries.

Methods: This analysis of a global HPV vaccine trial evaluated baseline data from 1399 human immunodeficiency virus-negative heterosexual men (HM) and men who have sex with men (MSM). Key objectives included assessment of HPV prevalence and risk factors for seropositivity to 9-valent HPV (9vHPV) vaccine types (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58), and concordance between seropositivity and prevalent HPV type.

Efficacy of a carrageenan gel in preventing anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: interim analysis of the Lubricant Investigation in Men to Inhibit Transmission of HPV Infection (LIMIT-HPV) randomised controlled trial.

Background: Carrageenan, a non-toxic gelling agent derived from red algae, has potent anti-human papillomavirus (HPV) activity in in vitro and animal studies. We assessed, in an interim analysis, the efficacy of a carrageenan-based gel in reducing the risk of new detections of anal HPV among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM).

Methods: The LIMIT-HPV study (Lubricant Investigation in Men to Inhibit Transmission of HPV Infection) is a phase IIb, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised controlled trial conducted in Montreal, Canada.

Efficacy of AS04-Adjuvanted Vaccine Against Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Types 16 and 18 in Clearing Incident HPV Infections: Pooled Analysis of Data From the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial and the PATRICIA Study.

Clinical trial data and real-world evidence suggest that the AS04-adjuvanted vaccine targeting human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 (AS04-HPV-16/18) vaccine provides nearly 90% protection against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or higher irrespective of type, among women vaccinated before sexual debut. This high efficacy is not fully explained by cross-protection. Although AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccination does not affect clearance of prevalent infections, it may accelerate clearance of newly acquired infections.

Defining benchmarks for tolerable risk thresholds in cancer screening: Impact of HPV vaccination on the future of cervical cancer screening.

The performance of cervical cancer screening will decline as a function of lower disease prevalence-a consequence of successful human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. Replacement of cytology with molecular HPV testing as the primary screening test and adoption of risk-based screening, with less intense screening of vaccinated individuals and initiated at older ages is expected to improve efficiency. However, policy officials may decide to further reduce or eliminate screening as the ratio of benefits to harms continues to decline.

Summary from an international cancer seminar focused on human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharynx cancer, convened by scientists at IARC and NCI.

Cancer of the oropharynx has attracted considerable attention in recent years given: (1) an increasing incidence in selected populations over the past three decades; (2) the discovery of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection as the driver of the increase, as opposed to the traditional risk factors such as tobacco (smoking and chewing) and alcohol; and (3) the promise of new prevention and treatment strategies. As a result of such developments, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the US National Cancer Institute (NCI), convened the fourth Cancer Seminar meeting in November 2018 to focus on this topic. This report summarizes the proceedings: a review of recent science on the descriptive epidemiology, etiology, biology, genetics, early detection, pathology and treatment of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer, and the formulation of key research questions to be addressed.

Lubricant Investigation in Men to Inhibit Transmission of HPV Infection (LIMIT-HPV): design and methods for a randomised controlled trial.

Introduction: Gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) have an increased risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and HPV-associated diseases, such as anal cancer and anogenital warts. A carrageenan-based lubricant could prevent HPV infection, thereby reducing the disease burden in this population. This paper describes the protocol for the Lubricant Investigation in Men to Inhibit Transmission of HPV Infection (LIMIT-HPV) study, an ongoing randomised controlled trial (RCT), evaluating efficacy of a carrageenan-based personal lubricant in reducing type-specific anal HPV incidence and prevalence among sexually active gbMSM, efficacy by HIV status, safety and tolerability of the gel and participant adherence to the intervention.

Identification of HPV genotypes causing cervical precancer using tissue-based genotyping.

Identification of high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes causing cervical precancer is crucial for informing HPV vaccine development and efficacy studies, and for determining which types to include in next-generation genotyping assays. Co-occurrence of hrHPV infections is common and complicates carcinogenicity assessment; accurate attribution requires tissue-based genotyping of precancers. We included all women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia Grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) from the Biopsy Study, an observational study of 690 women enrolled between 2009 and 2012 at the University of Oklahoma.

Efficacy of the AS04-Adjuvanted HPV16/18 Vaccine: Pooled Analysis of the Costa Rica Vaccine and PATRICIA Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: The AS04-adjuvanted HPV16/18 (AS04-HPV16/18) vaccine provides excellent protection against targeted human papillomavirus (HPV) types and a variable degree of cross-protection against others, including types 6/11/31/33/45. High efficacy against any cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or greater (CIN3+; >90%) suggests that lower levels of protection may exist for a wide range of oncogenic HPV types, which is difficult to quantify in individual trials. Pooling individual-level data from two randomized controlled trials, we aimed to evaluate AS04-HPV16/18 vaccine efficacy against incident HPV infections and cervical abnormalities .

Development and validation of an individualized risk prediction model for oropharynx cancer in the US population.

Background: The incidence of oropharynx cancers has increased substantially in the United States. However, risk stratification tools for the identification of high-risk individuals do not exist. In this study, an individualized risk prediction model was developed and validated for oropharynx cancers in the US population.

Efficacy of a Carrageenan gel Against Transmission of Cervical HPV (CATCH): interim analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2B trial.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of a carrageenan-based lubricant gel in reducing the risk of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in women.

Methods: We conducted a planned interim analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2B trial. Women aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to a carrageenan-based gel or a placebo gel to be self-applied every other day for the first month and before and after each intercourse during follow-up.

Risk of oral tongue cancer among immunocompromised transplant recipients and human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals in the United States.

Background: Oral tongue cancer incidence has increased among whites in the United States; however, the cause remains unknown. If an infectious agent is implicated, then elevated risk would be expected among immunosuppressed individuals.

Methods: By using population-based registry linkage information from the US Transplant Cancer Match and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) Cancer Match studies, the authors examined the risk of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) among immunocompromised transplantation recipients and HIV-infected individuals.