Leupeptin, a calpain inhibitor, protects inner ear hair cells from aminoglycoside ototoxicity.

Inner ear hair cells play a major role in the auditory pathway that converts sound stimulation into electrical signals, and then into a neural code. However this function is often lost by aminoglycoside ototoxicity. The injury of inner ear hair cells from aminoglycoside treatment is considered apoptosis, and caspase is an important participant in the apoptosis pathway in many organs.

Inflammatory pseudotumour (plasma cell granuloma) arising in the maxillary sinus.

Conclusions: Inflammatory pseudotumours in the maxillary sinus may present as malignant tumours and manifest locally aggressive features characteristic of such tumours. Despite their locally destructive features, they pursue a benign course after local excision.

Objective: Inflammatory pseudotumour (plasma cell granuloma) is an uncommon non-neoplastic lesion comprising a proliferation of spindle myofibroblasts and chronic inflammatory cells.