Action and Contribution of the Iliopsoas and Rectus Femoris as Hip Flexor Agonists Examined with Anatomical Analysis.

Objectives: To evaluate the difference in action between the iliopsoas and rectus femoris muscles in hip flexion by estimating the relative contribution to the maximal hip flexion torque and relative rotation speed.

Materials: We examined 22 lower limbs of 10 male and 12 female formaldehyde-fixed adult Japanese cadavers.

Methods: Using morphometric data from cadaver dissections, we calculated the moment arm length and physiological cross-sectional area for each muscle.

A case of an additional right external iliac vein surrounding the right external iliac artery and lacking the right common iliac vein.

A case of an additional right external iliac vein lacking a right common iliac vein was found in an 84-year-old female cadaver during a dissection course at Aichi Medical University in 2014. The findings are reported and discussed from the embryological and clinical viewpoints. The right and left iliac venous systems were macroscopically observed with attention to the homonymous arteries and the inferior vena cava.