A novel mouse model of upper tract urothelial carcinoma highlights the impact of dietary intervention on gut microbiota and carcinogenesis prevention despite carcinogen exposure.

Animal models of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxy butyl) nitrosamine (BBN)-induced urothelial carcinoma (UC), particularly bladder cancer (BC), have long been established. However, the rare incidence of BBN-induced upper urinary tract UC (UTUC), which originates from the same urothelium as BC, remains elusive. The scarcity of animal models of UTUC has made it challenging to study the biology of UTUC.

PSA Kinetics Affect Prognosis in Patients With Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Treated With Enzalutamide.

Background/aim: There is little evidence regarding the predictive value of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) kinetics in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with an androgen receptor signaling inhibitor. This study investigated the correlation between PSA kinetics and prognosis in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with enzalutamide.

Patients And Methods: We analyzed data from 103 patients who received enzalutamide as primary treatment for castration-resistant prostate cancer at our hospital, focusing on the associations between overall survival and PSA kinetics variables, such as maximal PSA response, PSA nadir, and time to PSA nadir.

Cumulative incidence and risk factors for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw during long-term prostate cancer management.

Bone-modifying agents (BMA) are extensively used in treating patients with prostate cancer with bone metastases. However, this increases the risk of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). The safety of long-term BMA administration in clinical practice remains unclear.

Comparative Effectiveness of Radiation Versus Radical Cystectomy for Localized Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.

Purpose: Radical cystectomy (RC) with neoadjuvant chemotherapy is the most commonly recommended treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), yet RC with urinary diversion remains an invasive treatment. Although some patients with MIBC gain good cancer control with radiation therapy (RT), its effectiveness remains under discussion. Therefore, we aimed to reveal the effectiveness of RT compared with RC for MIBC.

The presence of lymph node metastases and time to castration resistance predict the therapeutic effect of enzalutamide for castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Background: Enzalutamide is effective against castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, it is unclear which patients would benefit more from enzalutamide treatment. Here, we analyzed patients who received enzalutamide as first-line therapy for CRPC and evaluated the factors that predict treatment response and prognosis.

Anticancer maintenance chemotherapy prolonged prognosis of metastatic urothelial carcinoma patients: A single institute retrospective study using propensity score matching.

Objectives: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer maintenance chemotherapy for metastatic urothelial carcinoma.

Methods: We retrospectively compared the clinical outcomes of 74 patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma who had been treated with or without anticancer maintenance chemotherapy between 2006 and 2020 at Osaka University Hospital. Progression-free survival and cancer-specific survival periods were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method starting from the end date of induction chemotherapy.

EphA2 on urinary extracellular vesicles as a novel biomarker for bladder cancer diagnosis and its effect on the invasiveness of bladder cancer.

Background: Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) secreted from bladder cancer contain cancer-specific proteins that are potential diagnostic biomarkers. We identified and evaluated a uEV-based protein biomarker for bladder cancer diagnosis and analysed its functions.

Methods: Biomarker candidates, selected by shotgun proteomics, were validated using targeted proteomics of uEVs obtained from 49 patients with and 48 individuals without bladder cancer, including patients with non-malignant haematuria.

Circulating extracellular vesicles carrying Firmicutes reflective of the local immune status may predict clinical response to pembrolizumab in urothelial carcinoma patients.

Bacterial flora has clinical significance for the host. The metabolic environment created by this flora influences immunotherapy in urothelial carcinoma. However, there are no reports on the clinical significance of bacterial flora in the host bloodstream.

Biological distinction between grades 2 and 3 with respect to intravesical recurrence in T1 high-grade bladder tumors: a retrospective study.

Background: The pathological grading system for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is based on the WHO 2004/2016 classification system (low-grade: LG/high-grade: HG) and the WHO 1973 classification system (Grade 1: G1/Grade 2: G2/Grade 3: G3). Recently, the usefulness of combining both systems and classifying the tumors as LG/G1, LG/G2, HG/G2, and HG/G3 has been demonstrated. In this study, we compared the prognosis of intravesical recurrence in relation to different treatment intensities between HG/G2 and HG/G3 bladder cancers.

Therapeutic and Clinical Outcomes of Robot-assisted Partial Nephrectomy Cryoablation for T1 Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Background: In cT1 renal cell carcinoma (RCC), very few studies have compared oncological outcomes and renal function preservation rates in nephron-sparing robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) and percutaneous cryoablation (PCA).

Patients And Methods: We retrospectively analysed 126 patients with cT1 RCC treated with RAPN (n=78) and computed tomography-guided PCA (n=48) between March 2016 and November 2019. Clinical data and outcomes were compared for the two groups.

[CLINICAL STUDY OF OPEN RADICAL CYSTECTOMY AND ILEAL CONDUIT CONSTRUCTION FOR BLADDER CANCER: RESULTS OF 15-YEAR SINGLE CENTER EXPERIENCE].

(Objective) We retrospectively analyzed clinical outcome, prognostic factors and adjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer patients with open radical cystectomy (ORC) combined with ileal conduit construction (ICC). (Patients and methods) From February 2005 to February 2019, 179 patients underwent ORC and ICC for invasive bladder cancer or BCG unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. We investigated intraoperative and early postoperative complications, overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and poor prognostic factors affecting OS.

Prognostic factors and survival in Japanese patients with brain metastasis from renal cell cancer.

Background: Patients with brain metastasis from renal cell carcinoma have poor outcomes despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. Moreover, factors affecting such poor outcomes are unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic factors associated with overall survival in renal cell carcinoma patients with brain metastasis.

Prognostic role of the preoperative serum albumin : globulin ratio after radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

Objectives: To elucidate the effects of the preoperative albumin : globulin ratio on the survival of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 124 consecutive patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma who underwent radical nephroureterectomy at Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan between 2002 and 2015. The albumin : globulin ratio was defined: albumin / (total protein - albumin).

Factors predicting biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy among patients with clinical T3 prostate cancer.

Background: The effectiveness of cancer control is unclear after radical prostatectomy for patients with clinical T3 prostate cancer.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1409 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy between April 2007 and December 2014, including 210 patients with cT3 prostate cancer. Nine patients who received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy and three patients who were lost to follow-up were excluded from the analysis.

Advantage of urological experience with both transperitoneal and retroperitoneal laparoscopy in lymph node biopsy for malignant lymphoma diagnosis.

Purpose: Laparoscopic urologists are familiar with both transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches. That experience is an advantage when devising a strategy for intra-abdominal lymph node biopsy. We report the feasibility and effectiveness of laparoscopic biopsy using a urological laparoscopic technique for the treatment of patients with clinically suspected intra-abdominal lymphoma.

[Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy in the Elderly Patients].

We compared the perioperative and oncological outcomes of laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) between elderly patients over 75 years old and younger patients. Fifty-three patients underwent LRC between 2003 and 2014 at Tenriyorozu Hospital. Eighteen patients were classified as elderly (over 75) and the other 35 patients were considered young.