Differential association of elevated inflammatory cytokines with postoperative fibrous proliferation and neovascularization after unsuccessful vitrectomy in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Background: Pars plana vitrectomy is the only treatment for advanced proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). However, vitrectomy is not always successful despite current progress in vitreoretinal surgical techniques. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the vitreal concentrations of MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF are elevated after unsuccessful vitrectomy in patients with PDR and to investigate whether the altered levels of these cytokines are associated with the cause for the reoperation.

Increased vitreous concentrations of MCP-1 and IL-6 after vitrectomy in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy: possible association with postoperative macular oedema.

Purpose: To determine whether vitreal concentrations of MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-8 are altered after vitrectomy in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and to investigate whether the altered levels of these cytokines are associated with postoperative macular oedema.

Methods: Vitreous samples were collected from 36 eyes of 33 patients with PDR before pars plana vitrectomy without intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, and also from the same 36 eyes during IOL implantation surgery approximately 7 months after the initial vitrectomy. Levels of MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor were measured by flow cytometry using cytometric bead array (CBA) technology.

Microarray analysis of gene expression in fibrovascular membranes excised from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose: We determined the profile of genes expressed in fibrovascular membranes (FVMs).

Methods: Six FVMs were surgically removed from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) during pars plana vitrectomy with membrane peeling. The FVMs were classified into three active FVMs or three inactive FVMs according to the presence or absence of neovascularization (NV) in the membranes.

Increased expression of M-CSF and IL-13 in vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy: implications for M2 macrophage-involving fibrovascular membrane formation.

Purpose: We recently demonstrated that M2 macrophages were involved in the development of fibrovascular membranes (FVM) associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) possibly through the induction of periostin. The purpose of this study was to determine whether macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-13, inducers of the M2 polarisation of macrophages from monocytes, are elevated in the vitreous of patients with PDR, and whether M2-polarised macrophages induce periostin production.

Methods: We measured the levels of M-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-4, IL-13, soluble (s)CD163, periostin and vascular endothelial growth factor by sandwich ELISA in vitreous samples collected from 61 eyes of 47 patients with PDR, and 39 eyes of 36 patients with non-diabetic ocular diseases (control group).

Overexpression of CD163 in vitreous and fibrovascular membranes of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy: possible involvement of periostin.

Aim: To determine whether CD163, a specific marker for M2 macrophages, is involved in the formation of preretinal fibrovascular membranes (FVMs) present in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

Methods: We measured the levels of soluble (s)CD163, periostin and vascular endothelial growth factor by sandwich ELISA in vitreous samples from 74 eyes of 62 patients with PDR, 20 eyes of 18 patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and 56 eyes of 54 patients with non-diabetic ocular diseases (control group). Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to determine the expressions of CD68, CD163 and periostin in the surgically resected FVMs and idiopathic epiretinal membranes (ERMs).

Periostin promotes the generation of fibrous membranes in proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a severe, vision-threatening disorder characterized by the fibrous membrane formation that leads to tractional retinal detachment. There has been no effective therapeutic approach other than vitreoretinal surgery. In this study, DNA microarray analysis of the fibrous membranes revealed significant up-regulation of periostin.

Altered vascular microenvironment by bevacizumab in diabetic fibrovascular membrane.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) on three cellular components (vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, and myofibroblasts) of the vascular microenvironment in fibrovascular membranes (FVMs) of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Methods: Immunohistological studies with antibodies of CD34, αSMA, and transforming growth factor-β were performed on 20 surgical specimens obtained during a pars plana vitrectomy from 8 IVB-treated eyes, whereas 12 remained untreated. Four different indexes of vascular phenotype (vascular area, vascular major axis, CD34 endothelial area, and blood vessel density) and αSMA expression in vascular and stromal components were quantitatively analyzed.

Comparison of gene expression profile of epiretinal membranes obtained from eyes with proliferative vitreoretinopathy to that of secondary epiretinal membranes.

Background: Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a destructive complication of retinal detachment and vitreoretinal surgery which can lead to severe vision reduction by tractional retinal detachments. The purpose of this study was to determine the gene expression profile of epiretinal membranes (ERMs) associated with a PVR (PVR-ERM) and to compare it to the expression profile of less-aggressive secondary ERMs.

Methodology/principal Findings: A PCR-amplified complementary DNA (cDNA) library was constructed using the RNAs isolated from ERMs obtained during vitrectomy.

Antiangiogenic shift in vitreous after vitrectomy in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose: We determined whether the concentrations of VEGF, erythropoietin, and endostatin in the vitreous are altered after vitrectomy in patient with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

Methods: We measured the levels of VEGF, erythropoietin, and endostatin by sandwich ELISA in vitreous samples collected from 38 eyes of 33 patients with PDR before pars plana vitrectomy (without IOL implantation) and the same 38 eyes during IOL implantation 3.1 to 25.

Intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy blocks inflammatory cell infiltration and re-entry into the circulation in retinal angiogenesis.

Purpose: Anti-VEGF-A antibody (Ab) (e.g., bevacizumab, ranibizumab) is widely used as a treatment against retinal angiogenesis and edema.

Increased expression of periostin in vitreous and fibrovascular membranes obtained from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose: Preretinal fibrovascular membranes (FVMs) form as a sequela to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and their presence can lead to a severe decrease of vision. The purpose of this study was to determine whether periostin, a matricellular protein that plays a role in cell adhesion and migration, is associated with the formation of FVMs.

Methods: One hundred six vitreous samples and 15 FVMs were obtained during vitrectomy on patients with PDR.

Reduced concentrations of angiogenesis-related factors in vitreous after vitrectomy in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine whether vitrectomy alters the angiogenic profile in the vitreous of eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

Methods: We measured the levels of angiopoietin-2, HGF, bFGF, PDGF, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 by sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in vitreous samples from 27 eyes of 26 patients with PDR before pars plana vitrectomy (without IOL implantation) and in 12 fluid samples from 12 patients with PDR obtained during an IOL implantation 3.5 to 9 (mean 4.

Gene expression profile of fibrovascular membranes from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Background/aims: The purpose of this study was to generate a profile of genes expressed in preretinal fibrovascular membranes (FVMs) from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Methods: A PCR-amplified complementary DNA (cDNA) library was constructed using the RNAs isolated from FVMs obtained during vitrectomy. The sequence from the 5' end was obtained for randomly selected clones and used to generate expressed sequence tags (ESTs).

Scleral resection technique combined with vitrectomy for a macular hole retinal detachment in highly myopic eyes.

Purpose: To evaluate scleral resection technique combined with vitrectomy for macular hole retinal detachment of highly myopic eyes.

Materials And Methods: Seventeencases (17 eyes) of macular hole retinal detachment in highly myopic eyes, in which the patient underwent vitrectomy combined with scleral resection technique formacular hole retinal detachment between January 1996 and December 2003 at Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, were studied. Following pars plana vitrectomy, as much as possible of the residual vitreous and/or epiretinal membrane was removed.

Long-term results of pars plana vitrectomy combined with filtering surgery for neovascular glaucoma.

Background And Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of vitrectomy combined with filtering surgery for neovascular glaucoma.

Patients And Methods: Twenty-one eyes with neovascular glaucoma underwent pars plana vitrectomy combined with filtering surgery between January 1995 and December 2003. Thirteen eyes (10 cases) had neovascular glaucoma secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy and 8 eyes (8 cases) had neovascular glaucoma secondary to central retinal vein occlusion.