Perirectal Fascial Anatomy: New Insights Into an Old Problem.

Background: The architecture of perirectal fasciae is complex as mirrored by different anatomical concepts.

Objective: This study aimed to perform a comprehensive visualization of perirectal fasciae to facilitate strategies of rectal surgery such as total mesorectal excision, intersphincteric resection, and transanal total mesorectal excision.

Design: Macroscopic dissection and histologic studies of perirectal fasciae and autonomic pelvic nerves were performed.

Early interleukin-10 treatment improves survival and enhances immune function only in males after hemorrhage and subsequent sepsis.

Recent studies have demonstrated gender differences in the immune response following hemorrhagic shock with an enhanced immune function and lower mortality following subsequent sepsis in females. Early interleukin-10 (IL-10) treatment has been shown to have beneficial effects on the depressed immune function in males, but not in females following shock. However, it remains unclear if the observed gender-related effect of IL-10 treatment results in an advantage following subsequent polymicrobial sepsis.