Human adipose tissue macrophages are enhanced but changed to an anti-inflammatory profile in obesity.

Objective: Adipose tissue (AT) macrophages are increased in obesity and associated with low grade inflammation. We aimed to characterize the phenotype of AT macrophages in humans in relation to obesity and insulin resistance.

Design: Gene-expression levels of general macrophage markers (CD68 and CD14), proinflammatory markers/M1 (TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6), and anti-inflammatory markers/M2 (CD163, CD206, and IL-10) were determined by RT-PCR in subcutaneous AT samples from lean and obese subjects.

The macrophage-specific serum marker, soluble CD163, is increased in obesity and reduced after dietary-induced weight loss.

Objective: Soluble CD163 (sCD163) is a new macrophage-specific serum marker elevated in inflammatory conditions. sCD163 is elevated in obesity and found to be a strong predictor of the development of type 2 diabetes. We investigated whether dietary intervention and moderate exercise was related to changes in sCD163 and how sCD163 is associated to insulin resistance in obesity.

Acute exercise increases circulating inflammatory markers in overweight and obese compared with lean subjects.

The primary aim of the present study was to investigate if overweight and obese compared to lean individuals displayed differences in levels of inflammatory markers in circulation, skeletal muscle (SM) and adipose tissue (AT) after acute exercise. Fifteen lean (BMI: 22.4 ± 2 kg/m(2)) and 16 overweight or obese (BMI 31.

Exercise training versus diet-induced weight-loss on metabolic risk factors and inflammatory markers in obese subjects: a 12-week randomized intervention study.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise training and diet-induced weight loss alone or in combination on inflammatory markers in circulation, in adipose tissue (AT) and in skeletal muscle (SM) in obese subjects. Seventy-nine obese subjects were randomized into a 12-wk intervention: 1) exercise only (EXO), 2) diet-induced weight loss using a very low energy diet (DIO), and 3) exercise and diet-induced weight-loss combined (DEX). Blood samples (metabolic and inflammatory markers) and AT and SM biopsies (mRNA expression) were collected at baseline and after 12 wk.

Diet-induced weight loss and exercise alone and in combination enhance the expression of adiponectin receptors in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, but only diet-induced weight loss enhanced circulating adiponectin.

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of weight loss and exercise independently and in combination on circulating levels of adiponectin including low molecular weight, medium molecular weight, and high molecular weight adiponectin and expression of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors (AdipoR) in adipose tissue (AT) and skeletal muscle (SM).

Design And Methods: Seventy-nine obese males and females were randomized into the following: 1) exercise only (12 wk of exercise without diet restriction); 2) hypocaloric diet [8 wk of very low energy diet (600 kcal/d) followed by 4 wk with a weight maintenance diet]; and 3) hypocaloric diet and exercise (DEX; 8 wk very low energy diet 800 kcal/d followed by 4 wk weight maintenance diet combined with exercise throughout the 12 wk). Blood samples and biopsies from sc abdominal AT and SM were collected at baseline and after 12 wk.

Long-term weight loss decreases the nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors interleukin-18 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in obese subjects.

The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of long-term (3.2 years) weight loss on serum levels of the nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors interleukin (IL)-18 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Moreover, we wanted to assess the significance of the magnitude of the weight loss and evaluate the potential effects of 36 months of treatment with the lipase inhibitor orlistat on these parameters.

Accurate segmentation of subcutaneous and intermuscular adipose tissue from MR images of the thigh.

Purpose: To describe and evaluate a computer-assisted method for assessing the quantity and distribution of adipose tissue in thigh by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Materials And Methods: Twenty obese subjects were imaged on a Philips Achieva 1.5T scanner by a fast spin-echo (FSE) sequence.

Comparable reduction of the visceral adipose tissue depot after a diet-induced weight loss with or without aerobic exercise in obese subjects: a 12-week randomized intervention study.

Objective: Weight loss with preferential effect on the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) depot could have important clinical benefits. In this study, we investigated the independent and combined effect of regular exercise and diet induced weight loss on body fat distribution. DESIGN; Randomized control design of i) exercise-only (EXO; 12 weeks of exercise without diet-restriction), ii) hypocaloric-diet (DIO; 8 weeks of very low energy diet (VLED 600 kcal/day) followed by 4-weeks weight maintenance diet) and iii) hypocaloric-diet and exercise (DEX; 8 weeks VLED 800 kcal/day+a 4-week weight maintenance diet combined with exercise throughout the 12 weeks).

Weight loss maintenance in severely obese adults after an intensive lifestyle intervention: 2- to 4-year follow-up.

Objective: To evaluate the long-term weight loss maintenance after 2 to 4 years in severely obese subjects after a lifestyle intervention at a weight loss camp in Denmark.

Research Methods And Procedures: In a retrospective follow-up study, we assessed weight loss after 21 weeks of treatment at a weight loss camp, weight loss maintenance after 2 to 4 years, and numbers of subjects with a weight loss maintenance of > or = 10% of a total number of 435 severely obese adults participating in an intensive lifestyle intervention with a primary focus on physical activity.

Results: We obtained follow-up data of 249 subjects (180 women and 69 men) with an initial body weight of 142 +/- 32 kg.