Tumor suppressor role of cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 2 (CPEB2) in human mammary epithelial cells.

Background: Over-expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 promotes breast cancer progression by multiple mechanisms, including induction of stem-like cells (SLC). Combined gene expression and microRNA microarray analyses of empty vector vs COX-2- transfected COX-2 low MCF7 breast cancer cell line identified two COX-2-upregulated microRNAs, miR-526b and miR-655, both found to be oncogenic and SLC-promoting. Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Element-Binding Protein 2 (CPEB2) was the single common target of both microRNAs, the functions of which remain controversial.

The FAT Score, a Fibrosis Score of Adipose Tissue: Predicting Weight-Loss Outcome After Gastric Bypass.

Context: Bariatric surgery (BS) induces major and sustainable weight loss in many patients. Factors predicting poor weight-loss response (PR) need to be identified to improve patient care. Quantification of subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) fibrosis is negatively associated with post-BS weight loss, but whether it could constitute a predictor applicable in clinical routine remains to be demonstrated.

Prospective assessment and histological analysis of adherent perinephric fat in partial nephrectomies.

Objectives: The complexity of partial nephrectomy (PN) is partly anticipated by morphometric tumor-based scores that do not consider patient-related issues such as adherent perinephric fat (APF). Also, the objective is to prospectively assess the predictive factors of APF during PN, its effect on complications, and to correlate it to the histological reality.

Methods: A total of 125 consecutive patients undergoing robotic or open PN were prospectively included.

Knee and hip intra-articular adipose tissues (IAATs) compared with autologous subcutaneous adipose tissue: a specific phenotype for a central player in osteoarthritis.

Objectives: Compared with subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT), infrapatellar fat pad (IFP), the main knee intra-articular adipose tissue (IAAT), has an inflammatory phenotype in patients with osteoarthritis (OA). We phenotyped suprapatellar fat pad (SPFP) and hip acetabular fat pad (AFP), two other IAATs, to determinate the unique signature of IAATs compared with SCAT.

Methods: IFP, SPFP, AFP and autologous SCAT were obtained from patients with OA during total knee (n=38) or hip replacement (n=5).

Relevance of omental pericellular adipose tissue collagen in the pathophysiology of human abdominal obesity and related cardiometabolic risk.

Background: Adipose tissue fibrosis is a relatively new notion and its relationship with visceral obesity and cardiometabolic alterations remains unclear, particularly in moderate obesity.

Objective: Our objective was to examine if total and pericellular collagen accumulation are relevant for the pathophysiology of visceral obesity and related cardiometabolic risk.

Subjects And Methods: Surgical omental (OM) and subcutaneous (SC) fat samples were obtained in 56 women (age: 47.

The effect of morbid obesity on morphine glucuronidation.

The purpose of the present work was to study the change in morphine metabolic ratio in obese subjects before and after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) and to identify clinical and/or biological factors associated with this change. The pharmacokinetics (PK) of oral morphine (30mg), morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) was performed in patients before (n=25; mean BMI=43.2 (35.

AdipoScan: A Novel Transient Elastography-Based Tool Used to Non-Invasively Assess Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Shear Wave Speed in Obesity.

We describe a novel device called the AdipoScan that was adapted from the FibroScan to specifically assess shear wave speed (SWS) in human abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT). Measurement reproducibility was assessed on tissue-mimicking phantoms with and without repositioning, with resultant coefficients of variation of 1% and 0%, respectively, as well as in vivo (14% and 7%, respectively). The applicability of the AdipoScan was tested on 19 non-obese volunteers, and a scAT thickness >2 cm was found to be mandatory to perform a valid measurement.

Statins, antidiabetic medications and liver histology in patients with diabetes with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Background: Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for progressive non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Drugs commonly prescribed in patients with T2DM may affect liver histology by interfering with lipid metabolism and insulin resistance/secretion.

Aim: We studied if statins or antidiabetic agents were associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and significant fibrosis (SF).

Increased Basement Membrane Components in Adipose Tissue During Obesity: Links With TGFβ and Metabolic Phenotypes.

Context: Collagen accumulation around adipocytes and vessels (ie, pericellular fibrosis) is a hallmark of obese adipose tissue associated with altered metabolism.

Objective: Our objective was to evaluate components of basement membrane (BM) in adipose tissue, including collagen IV, a major BM component, and its relationships with metabolic parameters and TGFβ isoforms.

Design And Setting: We used immuno-techniques and gene expression approaches to detect BM components in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue samples.

Accumulation and Changes in Composition of Collagens in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue After Bariatric Surgery.

Context: Extracellular matrix (ECM) in sc adipose tissue (scAT) undergoes pathological remodeling during obesity. However, its evolution during weight loss remains poorly explored.

Objective: The objective of the investigation was to study the histological, transcriptomic, and physical characteristics of scAT ECM remodeling during the first year of bariatric surgery (BS)-induced weight loss and their relationships with metabolic and bioclinical improvements.

Leptin Deficiency Shifts Mast Cells toward Anti-Inflammatory Actions and Protects Mice from Obesity and Diabetes by Polarizing M2 Macrophages.

Mast cells (MCs) contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. This study demonstrates that leptin deficiency slants MCs toward anti-inflammatory functions. MCs in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of lean humans and mice express negligible leptin.

Jejunal T Cell Inflammation in Human Obesity Correlates with Decreased Enterocyte Insulin Signaling.

In obesity, insulin resistance is linked to inflammation in several tissues. Although the gut is a very large lymphoid tissue, inflammation in the absorptive small intestine, the jejunum, where insulin regulates lipid and sugar absorption is unknown. We analyzed jejunal samples of 185 obese subjects stratified in three metabolic groups: without comorbidity, suffering from obesity-related comorbidity, and diabetic, versus 33 lean controls.

Macrophage activation marker soluble CD163 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery.

Background And Aims: Macrophages play an important role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Soluble CD163 (sCD163) is a specific marker of macrophage activation. We aimed to measure sCD163 in morbidly obese patients with varying degrees of NAFLD before and after bariatric surgery (BS).

Circulating phospholipid profiling identifies portal contribution to NASH signature in obesity.

Background & Aims: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by steatosis, lobular inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning with fibrosis in severe cases, and high prevalence in obesity. We aimed at defining NASH signature in morbid obesity by mass spectrometry-based lipidomic analysis.

Methods: We analyzed systemic blood before and 12 months after bariatric surgery, along with portal blood and adipose tissue lipid efflux collected from obese women at the time of surgery (9 structural classes, 150 species).

Adipocyte ATP-binding cassette G1 promotes triglyceride storage, fat mass growth, and human obesity.

The role of the ATP-binding cassette G1 (ABCG1) transporter in human pathophysiology is still largely unknown. Indeed, beyond its role in mediating free cholesterol efflux to HDL, the ABCG1 transporter equally promotes lipid accumulation in a triglyceride (TG)-rich environment through regulation of the bioavailability of lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Because both ABCG1 and LPL are expressed in adipose tissue, we hypothesized that ABCG1 is implicated in adipocyte TG storage and therefore could be a major actor in adipose tissue fat accumulation.

Muscle ectopic fat deposition contributes to anabolic resistance in obese sarcopenic old rats through eIF2α activation.

Obesity and aging are characterized by decreased insulin sensitivity (IS) and muscle protein synthesis. Intramuscular ceramide accumulation has been implicated in insulin resistance during obesity. We aimed to measure IS, muscle ceramide level, protein synthesis, and activation of intracellular signaling pathways involved in translation initiation in male Wistar young (YR, 6-month) and old (OR, 25-month) rats receiving a low- (LFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks.

Association of adipose tissue and liver fibrosis with tissue stiffness in morbid obesity: links with diabetes and BMI loss after gastric bypass.

Context: Liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) develop inflammation and fibrosis.

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the bioclinical relevance of WAT fibrosis in morbid obesity and diabetes and the relationships with tissue stiffness measured using a novel device.

Design And Setting: Observational and longitudinal studies were conducted in a hospital nutrition department.

Fibrosis and adipose tissue dysfunction.

Fibrosis is increasingly appreciated as a major player in adipose tissue dysfunction. In rapidly expanding adipose tissue, pervasive hypoxia leads to an induction of HIF1α that in turn leads to a potent profibrotic transcriptional program. The pathophysiological impact of adipose tissue fibrosis is likely to play an equally important role on systemic metabolic alterations as fibrotic conditions play in the liver, heart, and kidney.

Noninvasive diagnosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis disease based on clinical decision support system.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic disease associated with metabolic syndrome. NAFLD covers a spectrum of liver disease from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. NASH is a disease evolving under the influence of various stimuli still poorly understood.

Plasma NOV/CCN3 levels are closely associated with obesity in patients with metabolic disorders.

Objective: Evidence points to a founder of the multifunctional CCN family, NOV/CCN3, as a circulating molecule involved in cardiac development, vascular homeostasis and inflammation. No data are available on the relationship between plasma NOV/CCN3 levels and cardiovascular risk factors in humans. This study investigated the possible relationship between plasma NOV levels and cardiovascular risk factors in humans.

Semaphorin 3C is a novel adipokine linked to extracellular matrix composition.

Aims/hypothesis: Alterations in white adipose tissue (WAT) function, including changes in protein (adipokine) secretion and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, promote an insulin-resistant state. We set out to identify novel adipokines regulated by body fat mass in human subcutaneous WAT with potential roles in adipose function.

Methods: Adipose transcriptome data and secretome profiles from conditions with increased/decreased WAT mass were combined.

Macrophage gene expression in adipose tissue is associated with insulin sensitivity and serum lipid levels independent of obesity.

Objective: Obesity is linked to both increased metabolic disturbances and increased adipose tissue macrophage infiltration. However, whether macrophage infiltration directly influences human metabolism is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate if there are obesity-independent links between adipose tissue macrophages and metabolic disturbances.

Roles of chemokine ligand-2 (CXCL2) and neutrophils in influencing endothelial cell function and inflammation of human adipose tissue.

The hypertrophied white adipose tissue (WAT) during human obesity produces inflammatory mediators, including cytokines (IL-6 and TNFα) and chemokines ([C-C motif] chemokine ligand 2 and IL-8). These inflammatory factors are preferentially produced by the nonadipose cells, particularly the adipose tissue infiltrating macrophages. We identified the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) by a transcriptomic approach.