Wider institutional research cultures and their influence on patient and public involvement and engagement in health research - An institutional ethnography.

Focus on patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) is increasing in health policy and research governance. PPIE is considered by some to be a democratic right, and by others to be a way to improve health care and research outcomes and implementation. Most recently, policy makers, funders and (clinical) research institutions are making PPIE a strategic requirement for health research urging researchers to invite patients and relatives into their research activities.

Enhancing public sector enterprise risk management through interactive information processing.

Introduction: Federal agencies are increasingly expected to adopt enterprise risk management (ERM). However, public sector adoption of ERM has typically focused on the economic efficiency of tax-financed activities based on control-based practices. This reflects an emphasis on quantifiable concerns that invariably directs attention to risk, that (by definition) relates to identifiable and measurable events, thereby downplaying uncertain and unknown aspects of public exposures.

Roles, outcomes, and enablers within research partnerships: A rapid review of the literature on patient and public involvement and engagement in health research.

Background: Recent studies mention a need to investigate partnership roles and dynamics within patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) in health research, and how impact and outcomes are achieved. Many labels exist to describe involvement processes, but it is unknown whether the label has implications on partnerships and outcomes. This rapid review investigates how roles between patients, relatives and researchers in a broad variety of PPIE activities in health research are described in peer reviewed papers and explores what enables these partnerships.

Intubation rate, duration of noninvasive ventilation and mortality after noninvasive neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NIV-NAVA).

Background: Asynchrony is a common problem in patients treated with noninvasive ventilation (NIV). Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) has shown to improve patient-ventilator interaction. However, it is unknown whether NIV-NAVA improves outcomes compared to noninvasive pressure support (NIV-PS).

Neural networks for image-based wavefront sensing for astronomy.

We study the possibility of using convolutional neural networks for wavefront sensing from a guide star image in astronomical telescopes. We generated a large number of artificial atmospheric wavefront screens and determined associated best-fit Zernike polynomials. We also generated in-focus and out-of-focus point-spread functions.

Efficient and robust recurrence relations for the Zernike circle polynomials and their derivatives in Cartesian coordinates.

For some time it has been known and recommended that the calculation of Zernike polynomials to radial orders higher than 8 to 10 should be performed using recurrence relations rather than explicit expressions due increasingly large cancellation errors. This paper presents a set of simple recurrence relations that can be used for the unit-normalized Zernike polynomials in polar coordinates and easily adapted to Cartesian coordinates as well. The recurrence relations are also well suited for the calculation of the Cartesian derivatives of the Zernike polynomials.

The Essential Elements of a Risk Governance Framework for Current and Future Nanotechnologies.

Societies worldwide are investing considerable resources into the safe development and use of nanomaterials. Although each of these protective efforts is crucial for governing the risks of nanomaterials, they are insufficient in isolation. What is missing is a more integrative governance approach that goes beyond legislation.

Angularly symmetric splitting of a light beam upon reflection and refraction at an air-dielectric plane boundary: comment.

In a recent paper, conditions for achieving equal and opposite angular deflections of a light beam by reflection and refraction at an interface between air and a dielectric were determined [J. Opt. Soc.

Accurate calculation of diffraction-limited encircled and ensquared energy.

Mathematical properties of the encircled and ensquared energy functions for the diffraction-limited point-spread function (PSF) are presented. These include power series and a set of linear differential equations that facilitate the accurate calculation of these functions. Asymptotic expressions are derived that provide very accurate estimates for the relative amount of energy in the diffraction PSF that fall outside a square or rectangular large detector.

Augmenting clozapine with sertindole: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

Clozapine augmentation with antipsychotic drugs is widely used despite sparse evidence supporting this strategy. Sertindole is a nonsedating atypical antipsychotic drug with low affinity for cholinergic receptors, which makes it potentially suitable for augmentation of clozapine. The study design was a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study including patients with International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision schizophrenia (F20.

Concept, modeling, and performance prediction of a low-cost, large deformable mirror.

While it is attractive to integrate a deformable mirror (DM) for adaptive optics (AO) into the telescope itself rather than using relay optics within an instrument, the resulting large DM can be expensive, particularly for extremely large telescopes. A low-cost approach for building a large DM is to use voice-coil actuators connected to the back of the DM through suction cups. Use of such inexpensive voice-coil actuators leads to a poorly damped system with many structural modes within the desired bandwidth.

Wind buffeting of large telescopes.

Unsteady wind loads due to turbulence within the telescope enclosure are one of the largest dynamic disturbances for ground-based optical telescopes. The desire to minimize the response to the wind influences the design of the telescope enclosure, structure, and control systems. There is now significant experience in detailed integrated modeling to predict image jitter due to wind.

Comparison of wavefront sensor models for simulation of adaptive optics.

The new generation of extremely large telescopes will have adaptive optics. Due to the complexity and cost of such systems, it is important to simulate their performance before construction. Most systems planned will have Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors.

High-order optical aberration coefficients: extension to finite objects and to telecentricity in object space.

We extend the method for the automatic computation of high-order optical aberration coefficients to include (1) a finite object distance and (2) an infinite entrance pupil position (telecentricity in object space). We present coefficients of the power series expansion of the transverse aberration vector with respect to the normalized aperture and field coordinates. Aberration coefficients of very high order (e.

Very high-resolution spectroscopy for extremely large telescopes using pupil slicing and adaptive optics.

Under seeing limited conditions very high resolution spectroscopy becomes very difficult for extremely large telescopes (ELTs). Using adaptive optics (AO) the stellar image size decreases proportional with the telescope diameter. This makes the spectrograph optics and hence its resolution independent of the telescope diameter.

The outcome of sternal wire removal on persistent anterior chest wall pain after median sternotomy.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of wire removal on a consecutive series of patients with persistent anterior chest wall pain after median sternotomy.

Methods: Ninety-five patients receiving sternal wire removal during the period January 1994-October 2001 were included in a follow-up study. Preoperative data, data from the primary operation, the postoperative course, and the sternal wire removal were collected from patient histories.

Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment for adult refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is an autoimmune disease which involves opsonization of platelets by autoantibodies directed against different surface glycoproteins, leading to their premature destruction by the reticuloendothelial system. Management of patients with refractory ITP is difficult. Recent studies have shown that rituximab, a chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, is useful in the treatment of these patients, with overall response rates of about 50%.

High-order laser guide star performance for the Euro50 telescope.

High-order laser guide star performance for the Euro50 telescope is analyzed. Focus anisoplanatism residual errors using multiple LGSs are obtained by numerical simulations. Results calculated for annual mean conditions at the La Palma site show that, considering only focus anisoplanatism, it will be possible to obtain a Strehl ratio of 0.

High-affinity small molecule inhibitors of T cell costimulation: compounds for immunotherapy.

Costimulatory molecules are important regulators of T cell activation and thus favored targets for therapeutic manipulation of immune responses. One of the key costimulatory receptors is CD80, which binds the T cell ligands, CD28, and CTLA-4. We describe a set of small compounds that bind with high specificity and low nanomolar affinity to CD80.

Novel CD8+ T cell antagonists based on beta 2-microglobulin.

The CD8 coreceptor of cytotoxic T lymphocytes binds to a conserved region of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules during recognition of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens on the surface of target cells. This event is central to the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effector functions. The contribution of the MHC complex class I light chain, beta(2)-microglobulin, to CD8alphaalpha binding is relatively small and is mediated mainly through the lysine residue at position 58.