Pathology discovered in the "first patient" can be the silent teacher of self-directed learning.

Pathology found during cadaveric dissection has been used to model integrative teaching methods for medical students at several institutions. Recent evidence has shown that pathology found during dissection can be used in the design of self-directed learning (SDL) activities with standards that are difficult to meet. This study presents a novel method for providing formative feedback, one of the most challenging aspects for LCME accreditation of SDL activities.

Residential greenspace and COVID-19 Severity: A cohort study of 313,657 individuals in Greater Manchester, United Kingdom.

Background: Greenspaces contribute positively to mental and physical well-being, promote social cohesion, and alleviate environmental stressors, such as air pollution. Ecological studies suggest that greenspace may affect incidence and severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Objective: This study examines the association between residential greenspace and COVID-19 related hospitalization and death.

Long-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 severity: A cohort study in Greater Manchester, United Kingdom.

Exposure to outdoor air pollution may affect incidence and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this retrospective cohort based on patient records from the Greater Manchester Care Records, all first COVID-19 cases diagnosed between March 1, 2020 and May 31, 2022 were followed until COVID-19 related hospitalization or death within 28 days. Long-term exposure was estimated using mean annual concentrations of particulate matter with diameter ≤2.

A comparison of experience sampled hay fever symptom severity across rural and urban areas of the UK.

Hay fever affects people differently and can change over a lifetime, but data is lacking on how environmental factors may influence this. This study is the first to combine atmospheric sensor data with real-time, geo-positioned hay fever symptom reports to examine the relationship between symptom severity and air quality, weather and land use. We study 36145 symptom reports submitted over 5 years by over 700 UK residents using a mobile application.

Experimental reductions in subdaily flow fluctuations increased gross primary productivity for 425 river kilometers downstream.

Aquatic primary production is the foundation of many river food webs. Dams change the physical template of rivers, often driving food webs toward greater reliance on aquatic primary production. Nonetheless, the effects of regulated flow regimes on primary production are poorly understood.

UK daily meteorology, air quality, and pollen measurements for 2016-2019, with estimates for missing data.

In recent years, quantifying the impacts of detrimental air quality has become a global priority for researchers and policy makers. At present, the systems and methodologies supporting the collection and manipulation of this data are difficult to access. To support studies quantifying the interplay between common gaseous and particulate pollutants with meteorology and biological particles, this paper presents a comprehensive data-set containing daily air quality readings from the Automatic Urban and Rural Network, and pollen and weather data from Met Office monitoring stations, in the years 2016 to 2019 inclusive, for the United Kingdom.

Interprofessional Education: Medical Students Create a Cadaver Lab Workshop for Nursing Students at a Neutral Cost.

Cadaver labs are one of the staples of medical education in the United States, yet it is relatively uncommon for nursing students to have the opportunity to engage in the direct observation, hands-on learning, and the efficiency of the immersive environment in a cadaver-based anatomy lab. The primary aim of this project was to determine if medical students could create and deliver a cadaver lab workshop for nursing students that would provide educational benefits to both groups of students at a neutral cost. The purpose of this activity was to evaluate how a cadaver lab for nursing students could increase understanding of clinically-relevant anatomy, disease, and indwelling medical devices, while enhancing overall clinical problem-solving skills.

Classroom Instruction: Medical Students' Attitudes Toward LGBTQI Patients.

The Association of American Medical Colleges declared it essential that medical students receive instruction on the health needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning, and intersex (LGBTQI) individuals. The integration of LGBTQI health and instruction in medical curricula, however, is scant. A pre-post confidential survey study was completed by first-year medical students (N = 103; 85% response rate) in the context of classroom instruction.

Accurate Prediction of Organic Aerosol Evaporation Using Kinetic Multilayer Modeling and the Stokes-Einstein Equation.

Organic aerosol can adopt a wide range of viscosities, from liquid to glass, depending on the local humidity. In highly viscous droplets, the evaporation rates of organic components are suppressed to varying degrees, yet water evaporation remains fast. Here, we examine the coevaporation of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), along with their solvating water, from aerosol particles levitated in a humidity-controlled environment.

Reflective Writing on the Cadaveric Dissection Experience: An Effective Tool to Assess the Impact of Dissection on Learning of Anatomy, Humanism, Empathy, Well-Being, and Professional Identity Formation in Medical Students.

Growing evidence supports the use of reflective writing activities centered around the human cadaveric dissection experience to support and assess elements of medical student wellness. Dissection may promote personal and professional development, increase resilience, and foster a sense of connection and community. This study employed a qualitative analysis of a reflective writing exercise to explore the question: "What is the impact of the cadaveric dissection anatomy experience on the personal and professional development of medical students?" This cross-sectional study was conducted at the conclusion of the first-year anatomy module.

New Approach Combining Molecular Fingerprints and Machine Learning to Estimate Relative Ionization Efficiency in Electrospray Ionization.

Electrospray ionization (ESI) is widely used as an ionization source for the analysis of complex mixtures by mass spectrometry. However, different compounds ionize more or less effectively in the ESI source, meaning instrument responses can vary by orders of magnitude, often in hard-to-predict ways. This precludes the use of ESI for quantitative analysis where authentic standards are not available.

Maternal carriage of Prevotella during pregnancy associates with protection against food allergy in the offspring.

In mice, the maternal microbiome influences fetal immune development and postnatal allergic outcomes. Westernized populations have high rates of allergic disease and low rates of gastrointestinal carriage of Prevotella, a commensal bacterial genus that produces short chain fatty acids and endotoxins, each of which may promote the development of fetal immune tolerance. In this study, we use a prebirth cohort (n = 1064 mothers) to conduct a nested case-cohort study comparing 58 mothers of babies with clinically proven food IgE mediated food allergy with 258 randomly selected mothers.

Transient cavity dynamics and divergence from the Stokes-Einstein equation in organic aerosol.

The diffusion of small molecules through viscous matrices formed by large organic molecules is important across a range of domains, including pharmaceutical science, materials chemistry, and atmospheric science, impacting on, for example, the formation of amorphous and crystalline phases. Here we report significant breakdowns in the Stokes-Einstein (SE) equation from measurements of the diffusion of water (spanning 5 decades) and viscosity (spanning 12 decades) in saccharide aerosol droplets. Molecular dynamics simulations show water diffusion is not continuous, but proceeds by discrete hops between transient cavities that arise and dissipate as a result of dynamical fluctuations within the saccharide lattice.

Experimental Modal Analysis of an In-situ Clavicle.

Clavicle fractures are widespread, and the understanding of their mechanism of occurrence via dynamic loading is important for prevention and design of protection systems. The proposed work will find the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the human clavicles in-situ, by employing experimental modal analysis (EMA) techniques on cadaver clavicles. The clavicle response to impact depends on mechanical energy transmission to the bone and requires an understanding of bone modal characteristics (natural frequencies and mode shapes), as well as the frequency content of the impact force.

Key drivers of cloud response to surface-active organics.

Aerosol-cloud interactions constitute the largest source of uncertainty in global radiative forcing estimates, hampering our understanding of climate evolution. Recent empirical evidence suggests surface tension depression by organic aerosol to significantly influence the formation of cloud droplets, and hence cloud optical properties. In climate models, however, surface tension of water is generally assumed when predicting cloud droplet concentrations.

Comparison of Approaches for Measuring and Predicting the Viscosity of Ternary Component Aerosol Particles.

Measurements of the water activity-dependent viscosity of aerosol particles from two techniques are compared, specifically from the coalescence of two droplets in holographic optical tweezers (HOT) and poke-and-flow experiments on particles deposited onto a glass substrate. These new data are also compared with the fitting of dimer coagulation, isolation, and coalescence (DCIC) measurements. The aerosol system considered in this work are ternary mixtures of sucrose-citric acid-water and sucrose-NaNO-water, at varying solute mass ratios.

Secondary organic aerosol reduced by mixture of atmospheric vapours.

Secondary organic aerosol contributes to the atmospheric particle burden with implications for air quality and climate. Biogenic volatile organic compounds such as terpenoids emitted from plants are important secondary organic aerosol precursors with isoprene dominating the emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds globally. However, the particle mass from isoprene oxidation is generally modest compared to that of other terpenoids.

Early Stage HER2-Positive Breast Cancers Not Achieving a pCR From Neoadjuvant Trastuzumab- or Pertuzumab-Based Regimens Have an Immunosuppressive Phenotype.

Background: Stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) might predict pathologic complete response (pCR) in patients with HER2-positive (HER2) breast cancer treated with trastuzumab (H). Docetaxel (T), carboplatin (C), H, and pertuzumab (P) have immune-modulating effects. Pre- and post-treatment immune biomarkers in cancers treated with neoadjuvant TCH with or without P are lacking.

An Evidence-Based Approach to Teaching Obesity Management to Medical Students.

Introduction: The need for education of future and current providers in evidence-based management of obesity and the release of new treatment guidelines prompted the development of a resource for use in the education of medical students and residents.

Methods: A self-contained module was developed to provide an overview of recent guidelines for obesity management utilizing evidence-based medicine while debunking popular myths associated with available weight-loss strategies. The module was delivered over 15 months to six groups of learners ( = 180) and was continuously improved through feedback from content experts and the learners.

Characterising the evaporation kinetics of water and semi-volatile organic compounds from viscous multicomponent organic aerosol particles.

The physicochemical changes experienced by organic aerosol particles undergoing dehydration into the surrounding gas phase can be drastic, forcing rapid vitrification of the particle and suppressing internal diffusion. Until recently, experimental studies have concentrated on quantifying diffusional mixing of either water or non-volatile components, while relatively little attention has been paid to the role of semivolatile organic component (SVOC) diffusion and volatilisation in maintaining the equilibrium between the gas and particle phases. Here we present methods to simultaneously investigate diffusivities and volatilities in studies of evolving single ternary aerosol particle size and composition.

Erratum: Gut microbial metabolites limit the frequency of autoimmune T cells and protect against type 1 diabetes.

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/ni.3713.