Genetic and Environmental Interactions Modify the Risk of Diabetes-Related Autoimmunity by 6 Years of Age: The TEDDY Study.

Objective: We tested the associations between genetic background and selected environmental exposures with respect to islet autoantibodies and type 1 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: Infants with HLA-DR high-risk genotypes were prospectively followed for diabetes-related autoantibodies. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) came from the Illumina ImmunoChip and environmental exposure data were by parental report.

Primary islet autoantibody at initial seroconversion and autoantibodies at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes as markers of disease heterogeneity.

Objective: The relationship between patterns of islet autoantibodies at diagnosis and specificity of the first islet autoantibody at the initiation of autoimmunity was analyzed with the aim of identifying patterns informative of the primary autoantibodies.

Methods: Information about a single first autoantibody at seroconversion and autoantibody data at diagnosis were available for 128 children participating in the follow-up cohort of the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) study. Autoantibody data at diagnosis and genotyping results were also obtained from children in the Finnish Pediatric Diabetes Register (FPDR).

Ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes: Effect of prospective studies with newborn genetic screening and follow up of risk children.

We studied the frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in a region where newborn infants have since 1995 been recruited for genetic screening for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-conferred disease susceptibility and prospective follow up. The aim was to study whether participation in newborn screening and follow up affected the frequency of DKA, and to follow the time trends in DKA frequency. We first included children born in Oulu University Hospital since 1995 when the prospective studies have been ongoing and diagnosed with T1D <15 years by 2015 (study cohort 1, n = 517).

Analgesic antipyretic use among young children in the TEDDY study: no association with islet autoimmunity.

Background: The use of analgesic antipyretics (ANAP) in children have long been a matter of controversy. Data on their practical use on an individual level has, however, been scarce. There are indications of possible effects on glucose homeostasis and immune function related to the use of ANAP.

Knock-Out Serum Replacement and Melatonin Effects on Germ Cell Differentiation in Murine Testicular Explant Cultures.

Finding robust culture conditions for in vitro maturation (IVM) of male germ cells is still a challenge. Recently, a testis organ culture method, using Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR), was suggested as a promising approach. However, the efficiency of that model is still not optimal.

Characterisation of rapid progressors to type 1 diabetes among children with HLA-conferred disease susceptibility.

Aims/hypothesis: In this study, we aimed to characterise rapid progressors to type 1 diabetes among children recruited from the general population, on the basis of HLA-conferred disease susceptibility.

Methods: We monitored 7410 HLA-predisposed children participating in the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) study for the development of beta cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes from birth over a median follow-up time of 16.2 years (range 0.

Eliminating cows' milk, but not wheat, barley or rye, increases the risk of growth deceleration and nutritional inadequacies.

Aim: Our study examined the growth and nutritional intake of children on milk and/or wheat, barley or rye elimination diets.

Methods: This was a nested case-control study within the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Study. It investigated 295 children born in the Tampere University Hospital area between 1997 and 2004 on a diet without cows' milk and/or wheat, barley or rye due to food allergies and 265 matched controls.

Influence of Nitrogen Doping on Device Operation for TiO₂-Based Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Photo-Physics from Materials to Devices.

Solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ssDSSC) constitute a major approach to photovoltaic energy conversion with efficiencies over 8% reported thanks to the rational design of efficient porous metal oxide electrodes, organic chromophores, and hole transporters. Among the various strategies used to push the performance ahead, doping of the nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO₂) electrode is regularly proposed to extend the photo-activity of the materials into the visible range. However, although various beneficial effects for device performance have been observed in the literature, they remain strongly dependent on the method used for the production of the metal oxide, and the influence of nitrogen atoms on charge kinetics remains unclear.

Maternal use of dietary supplements during pregnancy is not associated with coeliac disease in the offspring: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study.

Perinatal exposure to nutrients and dietary components may affect the risk for coeliac disease (CD). We investigated the association between maternal use of vitamin D, n-3 fatty acids (FA) and Fe supplements during pregnancy and risk for CD autoimmunity (CDA) and CD in the offspring. Children at increased genetic risk were prospectively followed from birth in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study.

Testicular growth and development in puberty.

Purpose Of Review: To describe pubertal testicular growth in humans, changes in testicular cell populations that result in testicular growth, and the role of testosterone and gonadotrophins follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in testicular growth. When human data were not available, studies in nonhuman primates and/or rodents were used as surrogates.

Recent Findings: Testicular growth in puberty follows a sigmoidal growth curve, with a large variation in timing of testicular growth and adult testicular volume.

Serum carotenoid and tocopherol concentrations and risk of asthma in childhood: a nested case-control study.

Background: The antioxidant hypothesis regarding the risk of asthma in childhood has resulted in inconsistent findings. Some data indicate that the role of antioxidants in childhood asthma risk may have a critical time window of effect, but only a well-designed longitudinal cohort study can clarify this hypothesis.

Objective: To study the longitudinal associations between serum carotenoid and tocopherol concentrations during the first 4 years of life and asthma risk by the age of 5 years.

The association of the HLA-A*24:02, B*39:01 and B*39:06 alleles with type 1 diabetes is restricted to specific HLA-DR/DQ haplotypes in Finns.

Background: We analysed the previously reported association of the HLA-A*24:02, B*18 and B*39 alleles with type 1 diabetes and diabetes associated autoimmunity in the Finnish population applying HLA-DR/DQ stratification.

Materials & Methods: Haplotype transmission was analysed in 2424 nuclear families from the Finnish Paediatric Diabetes Register. Survival analysis was applied to study the development of islet autoantibodies and further progression to clinical diabetes in the prospective follow-up cohort from the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) Study.

Correction: B-Cell Responses to Human Bocaviruses 1-4: New Insights from a Childhood Follow-Up Study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Novel genes involved in pathophysiology of gonadotropin-dependent adrenal tumors in mice.

Specific inbred strains and transgenic inhibin-α Simian Virus 40 T antigen (inhα/Tag) mice are genetically susceptible to gonadectomy-induced adrenocortical neoplasias. We identified altered gene expression in prepubertally gonadectomized (GDX) inhα/Tag and wild-type (WT) mice. Besides earlier reported Gata4 and Lhcgr, we found up-regulated Esr1, Prlr-rs1, and down-regulated Grb10, Mmp24, Sgcd, Rerg, Gnas, Nfatc2, Gnrhr, Igf2 in inhα/Tag adrenal tumors.

Residual beta-cell function in diabetes children followed and diagnosed in the TEDDY study compared to community controls.

Objective: To explore whether children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes during islet autoantibody surveillance through The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study retain greater islet function than children diagnosed through the community.

Methods: TEDDY children identified at birth with high-risk human leukocyte antigen and followed every 3 months until diabetes diagnosis were compared to age-matched children diagnosed with diabetes in the community. Both participated in long-term follow up after diagnosis.

Circulating CXCR5+PD-1+ICOS+ Follicular T Helper Cells Are Increased Close to the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Children With Multiple Autoantibodies.

Although type 1 diabetes (T1D) is primarily perceived as a T cell-driven autoimmune disease, islet autoantibodies are the best currently available biomarker for autoimmunity and disease risk. These antibodies are produced by autoreactive B cells, the activation of which is largely dependent on the function of CD4CXCR5 follicular T helper cells (Tfh). In this study, we have comprehensively characterized the Tfh- as well as B-cell compartments in a large cohort of children with newly diagnosed T1D or at different stages of preclinical T1D.

First Infant Formula Type and Risk of Islet Autoimmunity in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) Study.

Objective: Studies on the introduction of infant formulas and its effect on the risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes (T1D) have yielded inconsistent results. We investigated whether the introduction of formula based on hydrolyzed cow's milk as the first formula is associated with reduced islet autoimmunity risk in a large prospective cohort.

Research Design And Methods: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study prospectively monitors 8,676 children at increased genetic risk for T1D.

Semen quality in the 21 century.

Although semen quality is an important determinant of fertility, defining clear thresholds for normal ranges has proven difficult. According to 'time to pregnancy' studies, fecundity starts to decline when sperm concentrations fall below 30-55 × 10/ml, whereas the WHO criterion for normal values is currently 15 × 10/ml. Multiple studies over the past 15 years have reported median sperm concentrations of 41-55 × 10/ml in young men (mean age 18-21 years) from the general population, suggesting that many of them have suboptimal semen quality.

Developmental effects of imatinib mesylate on follicle assembly and early activation of primordial follicle pool in postnatal rat ovary.

Imatinib mesylate is an anti-cancer agent that competitively inhibits several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). RTKs play important roles in the regulation of primordial follicle formation, the recruitment of primordial follicles into the pool of growing follicles and maturation of the follicles. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib on primordial follicle assembly and early folliculogenesis in postnatal rats.

FYCO1 and autophagy control the integrity of the haploid male germ cell-specific RNP granules.

Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules play a major role in compartmentalizing cytoplasmic RNA regulation. Haploid round spermatids that have exceptionally diverse transcriptomes are characterized by a unique germ cell-specific RNP granule, the chromatoid body (CB). The CB shares many characteristics with somatic RNP granules but also has germline-specific features.

Maternal use of mild analgesics during pregnancy associated with reduced anogenital distance in sons: a cohort study of 1027 mother-child pairs.

Study Question: Is maternal use of mild analgesics in pregnancy associated with anogenital distance (AGD)-the distance from the anus to the genitals-in the offspring?

Summary Answer: Maternal use of mild analgesics [especially simultaneous use of paracetamol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)] during pregnancy was associated with a shorter AGD in boys whereas no effect was found in girls.

What Is Known Already: Mild analgesics including paracetamol (acetaminophen) and NSAIDs (e.g.

Factors That Increase Risk of Celiac Disease Autoimmunity After a Gastrointestinal Infection in Early Life.

Background & Aims: Little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms of gluten immunogenicity in patients with celiac disease. We studied temporal associations between infections and the development of celiac disease autoimmunity, and examined effects of HLA alleles, rotavirus vaccination status, and infant feeding.

Methods: We monitored 6327 children in the United States and Europe carrying HLA risk genotypes for celiac disease from 1 to 4 years of age for presence of tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (the definition of celiac disease autoimmunity), until March 31, 2015.

Human enterovirus and rhinovirus infections are associated with otitis media in a prospective birth cohort study.

Background: Human enteroviruses (HEVs) and rhinoviruses (HRVs) have been linked to acute otitis media (AOM).

Objectives: The present study evaluates the aforementioned association in a birth cohort setting.

Study Design: The cohort included 286 healthy infants (191 boys) followed from birth up to the age of 2 years in the Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention study in Finland.

Toward Single Electron Nanoelectronics Using Self-Assembled DNA Structure.

DNA based structures offer an adaptable and robust way to develop customized nanostructures for various purposes in bionanotechnology. One main aim in this field is to develop a DNA nanobreadboard for a controllable attachment of nanoparticles or biomolecules to form specific nanoelectronic devices. Here we conjugate three gold nanoparticles on a defined size TX-tile assembly into a linear pattern to form nanometer scale isolated islands that could be utilized in a room temperature single electron transistor.