Redefining piscine lactococcosis.

Unlabelled: Piscine lactococcosis is a significant threat to cultured and wild fish populations worldwide. The disease typically presents as a per-acute to acute hemorrhagic septicemia causing high morbidity and mortality, recalcitrant to antimicrobial treatment or management interventions. Historically, the disease was attributed to the gram-positive pathogen .

Serovar Dublin from Cattle in California from 1993 to 2019: Characterization and Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance Diversity.

For this study, antimicrobial susceptibility data for enterica subsp. enterica serovar Dublin (S. Dublin)-a well-known cattle-adapted pathogen with current concerns for multidrug resistance-were recovered from cattle at the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS) over the last three decades (1993-2019) and were evaluated using tools to capture diversity in antimicrobial resistance.

-positive , a novel teleost pathogen isolated from cultured barramundi.

Members of the genus are emergent pathogens of cultured eels, as well as several characid and cyprinid species. Since 2013, has been reported from diseased barramundi () cultured in North America; we recovered 8 isolates from diseased fish during different outbreaks from the same farm. The isolates from barramundi were compared phenotypically and genetically to isolates characterized from ornamental fish and recovered from aquatic and terrestrial animals.

Serovar from Cattle in California from 1993-2019: Antimicrobial Resistance Trends of Clinical Relevance.

subsp. serovar () is a cattle-adapted pathogen that has emerged as one of the most commonly isolated and multidrug resistant (MDR) serovars in cattle. may be shed in feces, milk, and colostrum and persist in asymptomatic cattle, leading to spread and outbreaks in herds.

A review of guidelines for evaluating a minor modification to a validated assay.

Any modification to a validated assay must be evaluated in terms of the impact on the assay's performance characteristics and whether the assay remains fit for the intended purpose. The comparison is referred to as a 'method comparison', 'method comparability', 'method change', or 'comparative validation'. This review presents recommendations and examples of studies found in the current literature as a means of assessing minor modifications.

Widespread Seropositivity to Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) in Four Species of Inland Sport Fishes in Wisconsin.

Serological assays were conducted for anti-viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) antibodies in four species of fish in Wisconsin (Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, Brown Trout Salmo trutta, Northern Pike Esox lucius, and Walleye Sander vitreus) to examine spatial and temporal distributions of exposure. Sera were tested for non-neutralizing anti-nucleocapsid antibodies to VHSV by blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results (percent inhibition [%I]) were analyzed for differences among species, across geographic distance, and among water management units.

Best practices for performance of real-time PCR assays in veterinary diagnostic laboratories.

The exquisite sensitivity of in vitro amplification assays such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) requires the establishment of thorough and robust laboratory practices. To this end, an American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (AAVLD) committee of subject matter experts was convened to develop a set of best practices for performance of nucleic acid amplification assays. Consensus advice for the performance of preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical steps is presented here, along with a review of supporting literature.

Suggested guidelines for validation of real-time PCR assays in veterinary diagnostic laboratories.

This consensus document presents the suggested guidelines developed by the Laboratory Technology Committee (LTC) of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (AAVLD) for development, validation, and modification (methods comparability) of real-time PCR (rtPCR) assays. These suggested guidelines are presented with reference to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) guidelines for validation of nucleic acid detection assays used in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Additionally, our proposed practices are compared to the guidelines from the Foods Program Regulatory Subdivision of the U.

Inhibition monitoring in veterinary molecular testing.

Many of the sample matrices typically used for veterinary molecular testing contain inhibitory factors that can potentially reduce analytic sensitivity or produce false-negative results by masking the signal produced by the nucleic acid target. Inclusion of internal controls in PCR-based assays is a valuable strategy not only for monitoring for PCR inhibitors, but also for monitoring nucleic acid extraction efficiency, and for identifying technology errors that may interfere with the ability of an assay to detect the intended target. The Laboratory Technology Committee of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians reviewed the different types of internal controls related to monitoring inhibition of PCR-based assays, and provides information here to encourage veterinary diagnostic laboratories to incorporate PCR internal control strategies as a routine quality management component of their molecular testing.

Multiple Incursions and Recurrent Epidemic Fade-Out of H3N2 Canine Influenza A Virus in the United States.

Avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) transferred to dogs in Asia around 2005, becoming enzootic throughout China and South Korea before reaching the United States in early 2015. To understand the posttransfer evolution and epidemiology of this virus, particularly the cause of recent and ongoing increases in incidence in the United States, we performed an integrated analysis of whole-genome sequence data from 64 newly sequenced viruses and comprehensive surveillance data. This revealed that the circulation of H3N2 CIV within the United States is typified by recurrent epidemic burst-fade-out dynamics driven by multiple introductions of virus from Asia.

Characterization of a Feline Influenza A(H7N2) Virus.

During December 2016-February 2017, influenza A viruses of the H7N2 subtype infected ≈500 cats in animal shelters in New York, NY, USA, indicating virus transmission among cats. A veterinarian who treated the animals also became infected with feline influenza A(H7N2) virus and experienced respiratory symptoms. To understand the pathogenicity and transmissibility of these feline H7N2 viruses in mammals, we characterized them in vitro and in vivo.

Avian Influenza A(H7N2) Virus in Human Exposed to Sick Cats, New York, USA, 2016.

An outbreak of influenza A(H7N2) virus in cats in a shelter in New York, NY, USA, resulted in zoonotic transmission. Virus isolated from the infected human was closely related to virus isolated from a cat; both were related to low pathogenicity avian influenza A(H7N2) viruses detected in the United States during the early 2000s.

Reactivity and sensitivity of commercially available influenza rapid diagnostic tests in Japan.

Seasonal influenza virus routinely causes epidemic infections throughout the world. Sporadic infections by H5N1, H5N6, and H7N9 viruses are also reported. To treat patients suffering from such viral infections, broadly reactive and highly sensitive influenza rapid diagnostic tests (IRDTs) are required.

Spread of Canine Influenza A(H3N2) Virus, United States.

A canine influenza A(H3N2) virus emerged in the United States in February-March 2015, causing respiratory disease in dogs. The virus had previously been circulating among dogs in Asia, where it originated through the transfer of an avian-origin influenza virus around 2005 and continues to circulate. Sequence analysis suggests the US outbreak was initiated by a single introduction, in Chicago, of an H3N2 canine influenza virus circulating among dogs in South Korea in 2015.

First Detection of Avian Lineage H7N2 in .

In December 2016, influenza A (H7N2) was first detected among cats in the New York City shelter system with subsequent widespread transmission. The sequence of the first clinical isolate, A/feline/New York/16-040082-1/2016(H7N2), and its genetic similarity to the live bird market lineage of H7N2 low-pathogenicity avian influenza are described.

H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus Infection in a Dog.

In 2015, H3N2 canine influenza emerged in dogs in the greater Chicago area. During this time, a 10-year-old German Shepherd dog presented to the referring veterinarian with lethargy and coughing that quickly progressed to death. This report describes the macroscopic and microscopic lesions and the molecular testing performed to identify the novel North American H3N2 strain of canine influenza.

Metagenomic assessment of adventitious viruses in commercial bovine sera.

Animal serum is an essential supplement for cell culture media. Contamination of animal serum with adventitious viruses has led to major regulatory action and product recalls. We used metagenomic methods to detect and characterize viral contaminants in 26 bovine serum samples from 12 manufacturers.

Identification by next-generation sequencing of Aichivirus B in a calf with enterocolitis and neurologic signs.

An 11-d-old Holstein bull calf was presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of Wisconsin-Madison because of a 4-d history of diarrhea and persistent low-grade fever. Initial diagnosis was enteritis caused by Cryptosporidium and rotavirus. During hospitalization, the calf became stuporous and was only responsive to noxious stimuli, with hypotonia of all 4 limbs, tail, head, and neck.

Prolonged intermittent virus shedding during an outbreak of canine influenza A H3N2 virus infection in dogs in three Chicago area shelters: 16 cases (March to May 2015).

OBJECTIVE To estimate an appropriate isolation period for dogs infected with canine influenza A H3N2 virus on the basis of the duration of virus shedding. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 16 dogs, from 3 Chicago area shelters, naturally infected with canine influenza A H3N2 virus.

Temporal Variation in Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Antibodies in Freshwater Drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) Indicates Cyclic Transmission in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin.

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is an emerging pathogen that causes mass mortality in multiple fish species. In 2007, the Great Lakes freshwater strain, type IVb, caused a large die-off of freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin, USA. To evaluate the persistence and transmission of VHSV, freshwater drum from Lake Winnebago were tested for antibodies to the virus using recently developed virus neutralization (VN) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays.

Detection and surveillance of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus using real-time RT-PCR. II. Diagnostic evaluation of two protocols.

Two real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assays under consideration for deployment to multiple testing laboratories across the USA were evaluated for diagnostic sensitivity and specificity on tissue homogenates obtained from natural and experimental viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS)-infected fish. Estimates for diagnostic specificity using virus isolation as the reference method were similar between laboratories regardless of the assay. Diagnostic sensitivity estimates of 0.

Detection and surveillance of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus using real-time RT-PCR. I. Initial comparison of four protocols.

Eight laboratories worked collectively to evaluate 4 real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) protocols targeting viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) being considered for deployment to a USA laboratory testing network. The protocols utilized previously published primers and probe sets developed for detection and surveillance of VHSV. All participating laboratories received and followed a standard operating protocol for extraction and for each of the rRT-PCR assays.