Efficacy of caffeine as an ergogenic aid in multiple cycling time trials.

Introduction: Evidence that caffeine supplementation is effective to improve performance in cycling time trials has been obtained in single rather than multiple time trials. We investigated whether 5 mg.kg of caffeine enhanced performance in multiple 4 km cycling time trials (TT4km) conducted within the same day and across different days.

Carbohydrate mouth rinse improves performance of mentally fatigued cyclists despite null effects on psychological responses.

Mental fatigue reduces exercise performance through an impaired psychological response such as increased perceived exertion. Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinses improve exercise performance and perceived exertion likely due to an improved activation in cerebral reward areas, then we investigated if the CHO mouth rinse-improved exercise performance in mentally fatigued individuals was associated with ameliorated reward-related psychological responses. We hypothesised that CHO mouth rinse would be beneficial for mentally fatigued cyclists mainly in high-metabolic disturbance intensities.

Is There a Dose-Response Relationship between High-Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE) Intensity and Affective Valence? Analysis of Three HIIE Sessions Performed with Different Amplitudes.

The inverse relationship between exercise intensity and affective valence is well established for continuous exercise but not for high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). The objective was to verify the dose-response relationship between exercise intensity and affective valence in HIIE sessions. Eleven young men underwent a vigorous-intensity continuous exercise (VICE) and three HIIE sessions at the same average intensity (70% of peak power-W) and duration (20 min) but with different amplitudes: 10 × [1 min at 90% W/1 min at 50% W]-HIIE-90/50; 10 × [1 min at 100% W/1 min at 40% W]-HIIE-100/40; 10 × [1 min at 110% W/1 min at 30% W]-HIIE-110/30.

Effect of High-Intensity Interval, Moderate-Intensity Continuous, and Self-Selected Intensity Training on Health and Affective Responses.

To compare the effects of 12-week high-intensity interval (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous (MICT), and self-selected intensity training (SSIT) on health outcomes and affective responses. Seventy-three overweight/obese inactive adults (62% woman; age, 31.4 ± 7.

Reliability of the Heartbeat Tracking Task to Assess Interoception.

Interoception refers to the competence in perceiving and interpreting internal sensations emerging from the body. The most common approach to assess interoception is through cardiac interoceptive tests like the heartbeat tracking task (HTT), which measures the accuracy on perceive and counting heartbeats during a period. However, the literature is scarce in providing adequate reliability evidence for this measure so that the interoception assessment may be threaten.

Do executive function performance, gaze behavior, and pupil size change during incremental acute physical exercise?

Several studies have investigated the interaction between acute physical exercise and cognitive performance. However, few studies have investigated this issue during acute high-intensity exercise. In the present study, we evaluated executive functions (EFs) during incremental exercise in three different intensities [below lactate threshold (LT), at LT, and above LT], measuring EFs performance, gaze behavior, and pupil diameter.

Cytokines and Immune Cells Profile in Different Tissues of Rodents Induced by Environmental Enrichment: Systematic Review.

Environmental Enrichment (EE) is based on the promotion of socio-environmental stimuli, which mimic favorable environmental conditions for the practice of physical activity and health. The objective of the present systematic review was to evaluate the influence of EE on pro-and anti-inflammatory immune parameters, but also in cell activation related to the innate and acquired immune responses in the brain and peripheral tissues in rodents. Three databases [PubMed (2209 articles), Scopus (1154 articles), and Science Direct (1040 articles)] were researched.

Undernutrition during development modulates endoplasmic reticulum stress genes in the hippocampus of juvenile rats: Involvement of oxidative stress.

To evaluate whether exercise training mitigates the deleterious effects of undernutrition during the developmental period in juvenile Wistar rats. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed with a diet containing 17 % or 8 % casein during pregnancy and lactation. At 30 days of life, male offspring were divided into 4 groups: Low-Protein non-trained (LS), Low-Protein Trained (LT), Normoprotein non-trained (NS), and Normoprotein Trained (NT).

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined With or Without Caffeine: Effects on Training Volume and Pain Perception.

This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of tDCS combined with caffeine intake on training volume and pain perception in the bench press in resistance-trained males. The correlation between training volume and pain perception was also assessed in all interventions. Sixteen healthy males (age = 25.

Proof-of-Concept and Test-Retest Reliability Study of Psychological and Physiological Variables of the Mental Fatigue Paradigm.

This study provided a proof-of-concept and test-retest reliability of measures frequently used to assess a mental fatigue paradigm. After familiarization, 28 healthy men performed (40-min) the Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP) test in a test-retest design, having mental fatigue sensation, motivation, emotional arousal, total mood disturbance, and electroencephalography (EEG) in the prefrontal cortex measured before and after the test. EEG was recorded during a 3-min rest so that the power spectral density of theta (3-7 Hz) and alpha (8-13 Hz) bands was calculated.

Effects of Self-Selected Passive Recovery Time in Interval Exercise on Perceptual and Heart Rate Responses in Older Women: A Promissory Approach.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of passive recovery with self-selected time on affect, ratings of perceived exertion, and heart rate in self-selected interval exercises (SSIE). Fifteen older women (68.1 ± 3.

Acute affective responses to high-intensity interval exercise: Implications on the use of different stimulus-recovery amplitudes.

The effect of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on affective responses is unclear due to the several variables of HIIE, which may be minimized by using derived variables (e.g. amplitude).

Correlation between economy/efficiency and mountain biking cross-country race performance.

This study investigated the correlation between cycling economy (CE) and gross efficiency (GE) in Olympic cross-country mountain biking (XCO-MTB) race performance. Also was examined the correlation between CE, GE, and peak oxygen uptake (VO). Sixteen male XCO-MTB athletes (30.

The Relevance of a Physical Active Lifestyle and Physical Fitness on Immune Defense: Mitigating Disease Burden, With Focus on COVID-19 Consequences.

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a fast spreading virus leading to the development of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Severe and critical cases are characterized by damage to the respiratory system, endothelial inflammation, and multiple organ failure triggered by an excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, culminating in the high number of deaths all over the world. Sedentarism induces worse, continuous, and progressive consequences to health.

Effects of Physical Exercise on Neuroplasticity and Brain Function: A Systematic Review in Human and Animal Studies.

Background: Physical exercise (PE) has been associated with increase neuroplasticity, neurotrophic factors, and improvements in brain function.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of different PE protocols on neuroplasticity components and brain function in a human and animal model.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review process from November 2019 to January 2020 of the following databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO, LILACS, and Scopus.

The Impact of Sex and Performance Level on Pacing Behavior in a 24-h Ultramarathon.

We analyzed the impact of sex, performance level and substantial speed reductions (SSR) on pacing in the VI Rio 24-h Marines Ultramarathon. This will provide insights into the importance of minimizing speed variations in relation to optimal pacing in endurance events. Runners (30 males and 21 females), classified as high- (HP) and low-performance (LP) ran the race while having their time recorded every 400 m.

Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Mitigates Mental Fatigue Effects on Maximal Incremental Test Performance, but Not in Cortical Alterations.

Detrimental mental fatigue effects on exercise performance have been documented in constant workload and time trial exercises, but effects on a maximal incremental test (MIT) remain poorly investigated. Mental fatigue-reduced exercise performance is related to an increased effort sensation, likely due to a reduced prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation and inhibited spontaneous behavior. Interestingly, only a few studies verified if centrally active compounds may mitigate such effects.

Effect of active versus passive recovery on performance-related outcome during high-intensity interval exercise.

Introduction: It has been suggested that recovery mode may contribute to performance during high-intensity interval exercise. However, there is no consensus regarding the effects of active and passive recovery modes on subsequent performance. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of active versus passive recovery on performance during repeated high-intensity interval exercise.

Affective and enjoyment responses in high intensity interval training and continuous training: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Previous studies investigating the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) showed controversial results. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the literature on the effects of HIIT and MICT on affective and enjoyment responses. The PRISMA Statement and the Cochrane recommendation were used to perform this systematic review and the database search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus.