Principles and Practices of Returning Individual Research Results to Participants in Large Studies of Pregnancy and Childhood.

Investigators conducting human subject research have typically conveyed only clinically actionable results back to individual participants. Shifting scientific culture around viewing participants as partners in research, however, is prompting investigators to consider returning as much data or results as the participant would like, even if they are not clearly actionable. Expanding return of individual results may add value for individual participants and their communities, refine future research questions and methods, build trust, and enhance retention of participants.

Achieving healthy people 2030 breastfeeding targets in the United States: challenges and opportunities.

Objectives: To estimate the national and states-specific gaps in breastfeeding rates in the United States for achieving the Healthy People 2030 (HP2030) targets, which are: 42.4% of infants to exclusively breastfeed through 6th months, and 54.1% of infants to breastfeed through 12th month of age.

The and COVID-19: A Perspective.

Sources from literature and art continue to offer perspectives on episodes of collective sense of loss and despair from unavoidable tragedies. The Doctor Stamp, based on the famous painting by British artist Sir Luke Fildes (1844-1927), was issued in 1947 by the US Postal Service to commemorate the first centennial of the founding of the American Medical Association. At the time of issue, the US was in the middle of the mid-century polio epidemic.

Opportunities for the federal government to advance necrotizing enterocolitis research.

Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal ICU with minimal progress in the research.

Methods: Federal webpages were queried to look for funding opportunity announcements (FOAs) and to develop lists of funded projects on NEC to identify gaps in NEC-related research topics.

Results: Over the past 30 years, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) issued two FOAs to stimulate research on NEC with $4.

Perinatal aspects on the covid-19 pandemic: a practical resource for perinatal-neonatal specialists.

Background: Little is known about the perinatal aspects of COVID-19.

Objective: To summarize available evidence and provide perinatologists/neonatologists with tools for managing their patients.

Methods: Analysis of available literature on COVID-19 using Medline and Google scholar.

Neighbourhood-level deprivation indices and postpartum women's health: results from the Community Child Health Network (CCHN) multi-site study.

Background: Area-level socioeconomic characteristics have been shown to be related to health status and mortality however, little is known about the association between residential community characteristics in relation to postpartum women's health.

Methods: Data from the longitudinal, multi-site Community Child Health Network (CCHN) study were used. Postpartum women (n = 2510), aged 18-40 were recruited from 2008 to 2012 within a month of delivery.

Naming Mount Barcroft.

The University of California White Mountain Research Center is located on Mount Barcroft, a 13,040-ft (3975-m) peak on the California White Mountain range. This report describes how the peak got its name honoring Sir Joseph Barcroft of Great Britain. Several publicly available webpages were the sources for this study.

From Galen to Gross and beyond: a brief history of the enigmatic patent ductus arteriosus.

Anatomists since antiquity and pathologists since at least the 17th century had identified the ductus arteriosus (DA) in cadavers and postmortem examinations, respectively. However, healthcare providers for more than a century have struggled to understand the significance of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in patients, debated whether to treat it or not and if so, when and how. Accepted answers depended upon the authoritative position of the person(s) offering recommendations, the cumulative contemporary medical knowledge, and the changing patient population characteristics.

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk in Women in the First Year Postpartum: Allostatic Load as a Function of Race, Ethnicity, and Poverty Status.

Objective: Allostatic load (AL) represents multisystem physiological "wear-and-tear" reflecting emerging chronic disease risk. We assessed AL during the first year postpartum in a diverse community sample with known health disparities.

Study Design: The Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development Community Child Health Network enrolled 2,448 predominantly low-income African-American, Latina, and White women immediately after delivery of liveborn infants at ≥20 weeks' gestation, following them over time with interviews, clinical measures, and biomarkers.

Working Together to Address Women's Health in Research and Drug Development: Summary of the 2017 Women's Health Congress Preconference Symposium.

Historically, women have been underrepresented in clinical research, requiring physicians to extrapolate medical recommendations for women from clinical research done in cohorts consisting predominantly of male participants. While government-funded clinical research has achieved gender parity in phase-3 clinical trials across many biomedical disciplines, improvements are still needed in several facets of women's health research, such as the inclusion of women in early-phase clinical trials, the inclusion of pregnant women and women with physical and intellectual disabilities, the consideration of sex as a biological variable in preclinical research, and the analysis and reporting of sex and gender differences across the full biomedical research continuum. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Research on Women's Health and the Office of Women's Health of the U.

Anhydramnios in the Setting of Renal Malformations: The National Institutes of Health Workshop Summary.

Anhydramnios in the setting of severe malformations of the fetal kidney and urinary tract is associated with a high incidence of stillbirths and life-threatening complications, including severe pulmonary hypoplasia, umbilical cord compression, and perinatal asphyxia. To prevent such adverse outcomes, some centers in the United States and elsewhere are offering amniotic fluid restoration for women diagnosed with anhydramnios in the setting of fetal renal malformations. The procedures include infusions of amniotic fluid substitutes (normal saline), percutaneously or through an amnioport-an implanted system for serial or continuous infusion of normal saline to maintain the desired amniotic fluid volume.

Adults born preterm: a review of general health and system-specific outcomes.

Unlabelled: In this review of 126 publications, we report that an overwhelming majority of adults born at preterm gestations remain healthy and well. However, a small, but a significant fraction of them remain at higher risk for neurological, personality and behavioural abnormalities, cardio-pulmonary functional limitations, systemic hypertension and metabolic syndrome compared to their term-born counterparts. The magnitude of increased risk differed across organ systems and varied across reports.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Breastfeeding.

Objectives: Breastfeeding rates differ among racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Our aim was to test whether racial/ethnic disparities in demographic characteristics, hospital use of infant formula, and family history of breastfeeding mediated racial/ethnic gaps in breastfeeding outcomes.

Methods: We analyzed data from the Community and Child Health Network study (N = 1636).

Risk, resilience, and depressive symptoms in low-income African American fathers.

Objective: Parental depression influences family health but research on low-income African American fathers is limited. The primary goal of the present study was to examine the role of paternal risk factors and resilience resources in predicting depressive symptoms in the year after birth of a child in a sample of African American fathers. We hypothesized that paternal risk factors (low socioeconomic status [SES], perceived stress, negative life events, racism, avoidant coping style) and resources (social support, self-esteem, collective efficacy, approach-oriented coping style) would predict depressive symptoms in fathers at 1 year postbirth controlling for depressive symptoms at 1 month postbirth.

Evidence for a Complex Relationship Among Weight Retention, Cortisol and Breastfeeding in Postpartum Women.

Objective To assess the relationship between cortisol slope, a biologic marker of stress, and postpartum weight retention. Methods We included 696 women in a secondary analysis from a multi-site study conducted using principles of community-based participatory research to study multi-level sources of stress on pregnancy outcomes. As a stress marker, we included salivary cortisol slope; the rate of cortisol decline across the day.