"Needed but lacked": Exploring demand- and supply-side determinants of access to cardiopulmonary resuscitation training for the lay public in China.

Background: Despite years of public cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training efforts, the training rate and survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) have increased modestly in China. Access is imperative to increase the public CPR training rate, which is determined by both demand- (e.g.

Can high school students teach their peers high quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?

Background: If adolescents can teach each other cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) during school hours, this may be a cost-effective approach to CPR training. The aim of this study was to evaluate CPR quality among students trained by student instructors in CPR.

Material And Methods: Three high schools participated.

Effect of a real-time feedback smartphone application (TCPRLink) on the quality of telephone-assisted CPR performed by trained laypeople in China: a manikin-based randomised controlled study.

Objectives: To determine the effect of a free smartphone application (TCPRLink) that provides real-time monitoring and audiovisual feedback on chest compressions (CC) on trained layperson telephone-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (T-CPR) performance.

Design: A manikin-based randomised controlled study.

Setting: This study was conducted at a multidisciplinary university and a community centre in China.

The Effectiveness of a New Dispatcher-Assisted Basic Life Support Training Program on Quality in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Performance During Training and Willingness to Perform Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Study.

Introduction: A new dispatcher-assisted basic life support training program, called "Home Education and Resuscitation Outcome Study (HEROS)" was developed with a goal to provide high-quality dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training, with a focus on untrained home bystanders. This study aimed to determine whether the HEROS program is associated with improved quality in CPR performance during training and willingness to provide bystander CPR compared with other basic life support programs without dispatcher-assisted CPR (non-HEROS).

Methods: This clustered randomized trial was conducted in 3 district health centers in Seoul.

A pilot study of Practice While Watch based 50 min school quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation classroom training: a cluster randomized control trial.

Aim: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training in schools can increase the rate of bystander CPR. We assessed whether a "Quality CPR (QCPR) Classroom" can support CPR performance by students trained by a teacher who is not a CPR instructor.

Methods: A cluster randomized trial was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of a 50-min Practice While Watch CPR training program enhanced by QCPR Classroom, which used 42 manikins connected by Bluetooth to real-time feedback monitoring.

Effect of real-time visual feedback device 'Quality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (QCPR) Classroom' with a metronome sound on layperson CPR training in Japan: a cluster randomized control trial.

Objectives: 'Quality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (QCPR) Classroom' was recently introduced to provide higher-quality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) training. This study aimed to examine whether novel QCPR Classroom training can lead to higher chest-compression quality than standard CPR training.

Design: A cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted to compare standard CPR training (control) and QCPR Classroom (intervention).

Real-Time Chest Compression Quality Measurements by Smartphone Camera.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is recognized as a global mortality challenge, and digital strategies could contribute to increase the chance of survival. In this paper, we investigate if cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality measurement using smartphone video analysis in real-time is feasible for a range of conditions. With the use of a web-connected smartphone application which utilizes the smartphone camera, we detect inactivity and chest compressions and measure chest compression rate with real-time feedback to both the caller who performs chest compressions and over the web to the dispatcher who coaches the caller on chest compressions.

Public knowledge and expectations about dispatcher assistance in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Aim: To assess the factors associated with the knowledge and expectations among the general public about dispatcher assistance in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidents.

Background: In medical dispatch centres, emergency calls are frequently operated by specially trained nurses as dispatchers. In cardiac arrest incidents, efficient communication between the dispatcher and the caller is vital for prompt recognition and treatment of the cardiac arrest.

Comparison of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality Between Standard Versus Telephone-Basic Life Support Training Program in Middle-Aged and Elderly Housewives: A Randomized Simulation Study.

Introduction: For cardiac arrests witnessed at home, the witness is usually a middle-aged or older housewife. We compared the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performance of bystanders trained with the newly developed telephone-basic life support (T-BLS) program and those trained with standard BLS (S-BLS) training programs.

Methods: Twenty-four middle-aged and older housewives without previous CPR education were enrolled and randomized into two groups of BLS training programs.

Targeted simulation and education to improve cardiac arrest recognition and telephone assisted CPR in an emergency medical communication centre.

Aim: Recognition of cardiac arrest and prompt activation time by emergency medical dispatch are key process measures that have been associated with improved survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). The aim of this study is to improve recognition of OHCA and time to initiation of telephone assisted chest compressions in an emergency medical communication centre (EMCC).

Methods: A prospective, interventional study implementing targeted interventions in an EMCC.

Effect of Dispatcher-Assisted Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Program and Location of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest on Survival and Neurologic Outcome.

Study Objective: We study the effect of a nationwide dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) program on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes by arrest location (public and private settings).

Methods: All emergency medical services (EMS)-treated adults in Korea with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests of cardiac cause were enrolled between 2012 and 2013, excluding cases witnessed by EMS providers and those with unknown outcomes. Exposure was bystander CPR categorized into 3 groups: bystander CPR with dispatcher assistance, bystander CPR without dispatcher assistance, and no bystander CPR.

Barriers to telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation in public and residential locations.

Aim: Emergency medical telecommunicators can play a key role in improving outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) by providing instructions for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to callers. Telecommunicators, however, frequently encounter barriers that obstruct the Telephone CPR (TCPR) process. The nature and frequency of these barriers in public and residential locations have not been well investigated.

Chest compression rate measurement from smartphone video.

Background: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is a life threatening situation where the first person performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) most often is a bystander without medical training. Some existing smartphone apps can call the emergency number and provide for example global positioning system (GPS) location like Hjelp 113-GPS App by the Norwegian air ambulance. We propose to extend functionality of such apps by using the built in camera in a smartphone to capture video of the CPR performed, primarily to estimate the duration and rate of the chest compression executed, if any.

Quality of CPR performed by trained bystanders with optimized pre-arrival instructions.

Objective: Telephone-CPR (T-CPR) can increase initiation of bystander CPR. We wanted to study if quality oriented continuous T-CPR would improve CPR performance vs. standard T-CPR.

New pre-arrival instructions can avoid abdominal hand placement for chest compressions.

Objective: To investigate if modified pre-arrival instructions using patient's arm and nipple line as landmarks could avoid abdominal hand placements for chest compressions.

Method: Volunteers were randomized to one of two telephone instructions: "Kneel down beside the chest. Place one hand in the centre of the victim's chest and the other on top" (control) or "Lay the patient's arm which is closest to you, straight out from the body.

Time delays and capability of elderly to activate speaker function for continuous telephone CPR.

Background: Telephone-CPR (T-CPR) can increase rate of bystander CPR as well as CPR quality. Instructions for T-CPR were developed when most callers used a land line. Telephones today are often wireless and can be brought to the patient.

Video analysis of dispatcher-rescuer teamwork-Effects on CPR technique and performance.

Objective: We wanted to study the effect of continuous dispatcher communication on CPR technique and performance during 10min of simulated cardiac arrest.

Method: We reviewed video recordings and manikin data from 30 CPR trained lay people who where left alone in a simulated cardiac arrest situation with a manikin in a home-like environment (in a small, confined kitchen with the disturbing noise of a radio). CPR was performed for 10min with continuous telephone instructions via speaker function from a dispatcher.

A randomized trial of the capability of elderly lay persons to perform chest compression only CPR versus standard 30:2 CPR.

Aim Of The Study: Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) improves survival after cardiac arrest, but there is a discrepancy between the age group normally attending CPR-classes and the age group most likely to witness a cardiac arrest. We wanted to study if elderly lay persons could perform 10min of CPR on a realistic manikin with continuous chest compressions (CCC) and conventional CPR (30:2).

Methods: Volunteers were tested 5-7 months after CPR-classes.