Antibiotic use reduces the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with urothelial carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Context: Antibiotics have been suggested to diminish the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) by alterations of the gut microbiota.

Objective: To perform a meta-analysis summarizing the effect of antibiotics on the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of urothelial cancer (UC) patients receiving ICI.

Evidence Acquisition: PubMed, EMBASE (Ovid), and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify studies published up to July 14, 2023.