External Electrons Directly Stimulate for Enhancing Biological Hydrogen Production.

External electric field has the potential to influence metabolic processes such as biological hydrogen production in microorganisms. Based on this concept, we designed and constructed an electroactive hybrid system for microbial biohydrogen production under an electric field comprised of polydopamine (PDA)-modified () and Ni foam (NF). In this system, electrons generated from NF directly migrate into cells to promote highly efficient biocatalytic hydrogen production.