Lipid Compositions of Total Parenteral Nutrition Affect Gut Peyer's Patches and Morphology in Mice.

Introduction: Although parenteral nutrition (PN) is the only option for providing adequate nutrition to patients who cannot tolerate oral ingestion, it severely impairs intestinal barrier function in terms of morphology and immunity. While addition of either soybean oil (SO) or fish oil (FO) to PN partially reverses these defects, the effects of the oil composition (FO/SO ratio) on morphology and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) have yet to be elucidated. We focused on the effects of the FO/SO ratio in PN on the number of lymphocytes in Peyer's patches, immunoglobulin A levels, and intestinal structures.

Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning reduces liver metastasis of Colon26 cells by enhancing antitumor activity of natural killer cells and natural killer T cells in murine liver.

Background And Aim: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preconditioning drastically augments bactericidal activity but reduces the host inflammatory response. Therefore, it may be beneficial to prevent postoperative infectious complications and mitigate host damage by surgical stress. Considering its clinical application, how LPS preconditioning influences the antitumor effect in the liver is an important issue.

Utility of F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Fusion Imaging for Prediction of Metastasis to Sentinel and Nonsentinel Nodes in Patients with Clinically Node-Negative Breast Cancer.

Purpose: F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography fusion imaging (F-FDG PET/CT) is an important diagnostic tool in breast cancer. The utility of maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) of primary tumors has been evaluated to predict sentinel node (SN) and non-SN metastasis in clinically node-negative (cN0) patients.

Patients And Methods: F-FDG PET/CT was performed on 414 cN0 patients.

Effects of semielemental diet containing whey peptides on Peyer's patch lymphocyte number, immunoglobulin A levels, and intestinal morphology in mice.

Background: Enteral nutrition (EN) is the gold standard of nutritional therapy for critically ill or severely injured patients, because EN promotes gut and hepatic immunity, thereby preventing infectious complications as compared with parenteral nutrition. However, there are many EN formulas with different protein and fat contents. Their effects on gut-associated lymphoid tissue remain unclear.

The impact of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy on the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after pancreatoduodenectomy.

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) is increasingly being recognized as a late postoperative complication, but the main causes have not been fully investigated. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between NAFLD after PD and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, focusing particularly on the adjuvant chemotherapy regimens administered.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 154 patients who underwent PD from April 2007 to December 2013, to identify the clinicopathologic factors most strongly influencing NAFLD development after PD.

[An Elderly Patient with Multiple Lung Metastases after Colectomy Successfully Treated with a Combination Oral UFT/LV Chemotherapy Regimen].

We report an 84-year-old woman with multiple lung metastases from sigmoid colon cancer successfully treated with an oral combination chemotherapeutic agent regimen(UFT/LV).The patient had undergone colectomy for sigmoid colon cancer. Histological examination confirmed a pT4a, pN3, pM1a(LYM), pStage IV tumor.

[A Case of Recurrent Breast Cancer with Carcinomatous Pleurisy Successfully Treated with Paclitaxel and Bevacizumab after Radical Mastectomy].

A 61-year-old postmenopausal woman with breast cancer and carcinomatous pleurisy was successfully treated with bevacizumab and paclitaxel. In December 2008, after receiving preoperative chemotherapy consisting of q3w 4 cycles of EC (E: 90 mg/m2, C: 600 mg/m2) and 12 cycles of weekly paclitaxel (80 mg/m2), the patient underwent modified radical mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection for right breast cancer. Pathological examination showed residual tumor cells and lymph node metastasis (pT4bN2M0, Stage III b).

The influence of dietary restriction on hepatic mononuclear cell numbers and functions in mice.

Background: Surgical patients with gastrointestinal malignancies are at increased risk for malnutrition. However, the mechanism by which dietary restriction (DR), one form of malnutrition, impairs hepatic immunity remains to be clarified. The present study was designed to examine the influence of DR on hepatic mononuclear cell (MNC) numbers, subpopulations, and cytokine productions (tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], interferon gamma [IFN-γ], and interleukin 10 [IL-10]) in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice.

The expression and clinical significance of ribophorin II (RPN2) in human breast cancer.

Ribophorin II (RPN2), part of the N-oligosaccharyltransferase complex, is highly expressed in breast cancer stem cells and is associated with tumor metastasis through interaction with mutant p53. The clinicopathological implication of RPN2 expression is undetermined. We examined immunohistochemically the expression levels of RPN2 and p53 in primary breast cancer tissues surgically resected from 218 patients.

Nucleostemin expression in invasive breast cancer.

Background: Recently, the cancer stem cell hypothesis has become widely accepted. Cancer stem cells are thought to possess the ability to undergo self-renewal and differentiation, similar to normal stem cells. Nucleostemin (NS), initially cloned from rat neural stem cells, binds to various proteins, including p53, in the nucleus and is thought to be a key molecule for stemness.

Influence of fish to soybean oil ratio on hepatic mononuclear cell function and survival after intraportal bacterial challenge in parenterally fed mice.

Background: Parenteral nutrition (PN) is indispensable for meeting the caloric and substrate needs of patients who cannot receive adequate amounts of enteral nutrition. However, PN decreases hepatic mononuclear cell (MNC) numbers and impairs their functions. We examined the effects of various ratios of ω-3 to ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on hepatic MNC number and function in a murine model.

Intravenous administration of high-dose Paclitaxel reduces gut-associated lymphoid tissue cell number and respiratory immunoglobulin A concentrations in mice.

Background: Chemotherapy remains a mainstay of treatment for cancer patients. However, anti-cancer drugs frequently cause a wide range of side effects, including leukopenia and gastrointestinal toxicity. These adverse effects can lead to treatment delays or necessitate temporary dose reductions.

Truncal vagotomy temporarily decreases the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in the small intestine.

Purpose: The vagus nerve exerts immunomodulatory functions by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine overproduction. Because vagotomy is a standard procedure during the radical operation for esophageal or gastric cancer, the postoperative clinical course might be related to vagotomy-associated changes in the cytokine milieu. We herein examined the gut cytokine kinetics after vagotomy in mice.

A simple immunohistochemical panel comprising 2 conventional markers, Ki67 and p53, is a powerful tool for predicting patient outcome in luminal-type breast cancer.

Background: Ki67 is widely used in order to distinguish the "A" and "B" subtypes of luminal-type breast cancer. This study aimed to validate the prognostic value of adding p53 to Ki67 for characterizing luminal-type breast cancer.

Methods: Immunostaining for Ki67, p53, and the molecular markers HER2, CK5/6, CK14, EGFR, FOXA1, GATA3, and P-cadherin was examined hormone receptor (HR)-positive cancer tissues from 150 patients.

Lack of preoperative enteral nutrition reduces gut-associated lymphoid cell numbers in colon cancer patients: a possible mechanism underlying increased postoperative infectious complications during parenteral nutrition.

Objective: To examine preoperative dietary influences on gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) cell number in the context of postoperative infectious complications.

Background: There is little clinical evidence regarding whether nutritional routes affect GALT size and/or phenotype. The influence of GALT atrophy on clinical outcomes is also unclear.

Importance of maintaining left gastric arterial flow at Appleby operation preserving whole stomach for central pancreatic cancer.

The safety of whole stomach-preserving Appleby operation with resection of the left gastric artery (LGA) for pancreatic cancer cannot be assured. The anatomy of the celiac axis (CA) with special regard to the position of the origin of the LGA was examined. Using 3D images of the vascular architecture reconstructed from volume data of helical CT, the length of the CA and the position of the origin of the LGA from the CA were measured in 53 patients.

The effect of adding fish oil to parenteral nutrition on hepatic mononuclear cell function and survival after intraportal bacterial challenge in mice.

Background: Parenteral nutrition (PN) is indispensable for meeting caloric and substrate needs of patients who cannot receive adequate amounts of enteral nutrition; however, PN impairs hepatic immunity. We examined the effects of ω-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, added individually to fat-free PN, on hepatic immunity in a murine model. We focused on serum liver enzymes, cytokine production, histopathology, and the outcomes after intraportal bacterial challenge.

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography optimizes neoadjuvant chemotherapy for primary breast cancer to achieve pathological complete response.

Background: To assess the usefulness of positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography using (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG PET/CT) for optimizing chemotherapy during neoadjuvant chemotherapy for primary breast cancer.

Methods: One hundred and eight patients (110 tumors) with breast cancer (≥2 cm, stages II and III) received neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of an anthracycline-based regimen and taxane. The maximal value of the baseline standardized uptake value (SUV) and the change in SUV after four cycles of an anthracycline-based regimen relative to baseline SUV were assessed for predicting pathological complete response (pCR) after sequential taxane.

Influence of adding pyrroloquinoline quinone to parenteral nutrition on gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

Background: Experimental intravenous (IV) parenteral nutrition (PN) diminishes gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) cell number and function. PN solution cannot maintain GALT at the same level as a normal diet, even when delivered intragastrically (IG). Previous studies demonstrated pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-deficient mice to be less immunologically responsive.

Effects of adding butyric acid to PN on gut-associated lymphoid tissue and mucosal immunoglobulin A levels.

Background: Parenteral nutrition (PN) causes intestinal mucosal atrophy, gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) atrophy and dysfunction, leading to impaired mucosal immunity and increased susceptibility to infectious complications. Therefore, new PN formulations are needed to maintain mucosal immunity. Short-chain fatty acids have been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects on the intestinal mucosa.

Interleukin-7 treatment reverses parenteral nutrition-induced impairment of resistance to bacterial pneumonia with increased secretory immunoglobulin A levels.

Background: Absence of enteral delivery of nutrients causes gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) atrophy and an imbalance between immunoglobulin A (IgA)-inhibiting Th1 and IgA-stimulating Th2 cytokine levels in the gut, leading to impaired mucosal immunity. We previously demonstrated exogenous IL-7 to reverse parenteral nutrition (PN)-induced GALT cell loss but not to normalize the gut cytokine imbalance or reduce secretory IgA levels, in uninjured mice. Herein, we examined effects of exogenous IL-7 during PN on survival and IgA levels after intra-tracheal bacterial challenge.

Parenteral nutrition rapidly reduces hepatic mononuclear cell numbers and lipopolysaccharide receptor expression on Kupffer cells in mice.

Background: Parenteral nutrition (PN) reduces the number of hepatic mononuclear cell (MNCs) and impairs their function, resulting in poor survival after intraportal bacterial challenge in mice. Our recent animal study demonstrated resumption of enteral nutrition after PN to rapidly restore hepatic MNC numbers (in 12 hours) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor expression on Kupffer cells (in 48 hours). The present study examined the time courses of hepatic MNC number reductions and LPS receptor expression changes in mice receiving PN.