CD8 T-cell Immune Surveillance against a Tumor Antigen Encoded by the Oncogenic Long Noncoding RNA .

CD8 T cells recognize peptides displayed by HLA class I molecules on cell surfaces, monitoring pathologic conditions such as cancer. Advances in proteogenomic analysis of HLA ligandomes have demonstrated that cells present a subset of cryptic peptides derived from noncoding regions of the genome; however, the roles of cryptic HLA ligands in tumor immunity remain unknown. In the current study, we comprehensively and quantitatively investigated the HLA class I ligandome of a set of human colorectal cancer and matched normal tissues, showing that cryptic translation products accounted for approximately 5% of the HLA class I ligandome.

Fundamental and Essential Knowledge for Pathologists Engaged in the Research and Practice of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Based Cancer Immunotherapy.

Extensive research over 100 years has demonstrated that tumors can be eliminated by the autologous immune system. Without doubt, immunotherapy is now a standard treatment along with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy; however, the field of cancer immunotherapy is continuing to develop. The current challenges for the use of immunotherapy are to enhance its clinical efficacy, reduce side effects, and develop predictive biomarkers.

Characterization of CD8 T-cell responses to non-anchor-type HLA class I neoantigens with single amino-acid substitutions.

CD8 T cells are capable of recognizing mutation-derived neoantigens displayed by HLA class I molecules, thereby exhibiting the ability to distinguish between cancer and normal cells. However, accumulating evidence has shown that only a small fraction of nonsynonymous somatic mutations give rise to clinically relevant neoantigens. The properties of such neoantigens, which must be presented by HLA and immunogenic to induce a T-cell response, remain elusive.

Identification of characteristic subepithelial surface granulomatosis in immune-related adverse event-associated enterocolitis.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have provided an additional treatment option for various types of human cancers. However, ICIs often induce various immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Enterocolitis is a major irAE with poorly understood histopathological characteristics.

Fatal fulminant hepatitis induced by combined ipilimumab and nivolumab therapy despite favorable histologic response and confirmed by autopsy in a patient with clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Effective management of immune-related adverse events in patients receiving immunotherapy for cancer is problematic. In this report, we present the case of a 58-year-old man with advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma who responded well to a combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab. However, after two courses of treatment, he developed fulminant hepatitis and died.

Occult ovarian clear-cell carcinoma diagnosed as primary adenocarcinoma of the lung: A case report of a diagnostic pitfall for clinicians and pathologists.

We present a case of ovarian clear-cell carcinoma that was initially diagnosed as adenocarcinoma of lung origin. This is an instructive diagnostic pitfall for clinicians and pathologists because of the unusual clinical course, small biopsy material, and noteworthy immunophenotype of the carcinoma. Imaging analysis identified only lung and liver lesions.