Revisiting Glycosylations Using Glycosyl Fluoride by BF·EtO: Activation of Disarmed Glycosyl Fluorides with High Catalytic Turnover.

Catalytic glycosylations with glycosyl fluorides using BF·EtO are presented. Glycosylations with both armed and disarmed donors were efficiently catalyzed by 1 mol% of BF·EtO in a nitrogen-filled glovebox without the use of dehydrating agents. Our finding is in sharp contrast with conventional BF·EtO-mediated glycosylations, where excess Lewis acid and additives are required.

Lipopolysaccharide from Gut-Associated Lymphoid-Tissue-Resident Alcaligenes faecalis: Complete Structure Determination and Chemical Synthesis of Its Lipid A.

Alcaligenes faecalis is the predominant Gram-negative bacterium inhabiting gut-associated lymphoid tissues, Peyer's patches. We previously reported that an A. faecalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) acted as a weak agonist for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor-2 (MD-2) receptor as well as a potent inducer of IgA without excessive inflammation, thus suggesting that A.

Lymphoid Tissue-Resident Establish an Intracellular Symbiotic Environment by Creating a Unique Energy Shift in Dendritic Cells.

Lymphoid-tissue-resident commensal bacteria (LRCs), including , are present in intestinal lymphoid tissue including the Peyer's patches (PPs) of mammals and modulate the host immune system. Although LRCs can colonize within dendritic cells (DCs), the mechanisms through which LRCs persist in DCs and the symbiotic relationships between LRCs and DCs remain to be investigated. Here, we show an intracellular symbiotic system in which the LRC creates a unique energy shift in DCs.