Adenosine A₂A-receptor antagonist istradefylline enhances the motor response of L-DOPA without worsening dyskinesia in MPTP-treated common marmosets.

The adenosine A₂A-receptor antagonist istradefylline decreases OFF time in patients with Parkinson's disease who are already treated with optimal doses of dopaminergic medication but can cause an increase in non-troublesome dyskinesia. Preclinical experiments have shown that A₂A antagonists are most effective in potentiating motor function when combined with sub-maximal doses of L-DOPA. However, the effects of combining istradefylline with sub-optimal L-DOPA treatment on established dyskinesia have not been studied.

Hypoxia enhances MUC1 expression in a lung adenocarcinoma cell line.

Expression of a transmembrane mucin MUC1 is emphasized in most cases of carcinoma. High expression of MUC1 is closely associated with cancer progression and metastasis, leading to poor prognosis. However, little is known about how MUC1 is overexpressed in malignant tumor.