Carnosic acid protects starvation-induced SH-SY5Y cell death through Erk1/2 and Akt pathways, autophagy, and FoxO3a.

Carnosic acid (CA) is recognized as a unique neuroprotective compound in the herb rosemary, since it induces expression of antioxidant enzymes including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), γ-glutamylcysteine synthase (γ-GCS), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) via activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which is a nuclear transcription factor. In this study, we examined the cytoprotective effects of CA against starvation. We found that CA protected starvation-induced SH-SY5Y cell death by activating Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2).

[Two cases of bladder cancer with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer].

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by an excess of extracolonic malignancies including those of the urinary tract. We report two cases of bladder tumor associated with HNPCC. The reported cases were compatible for Amsterdam criteria II for HNPCC.