Impact of pulse duration alterable laser ureterorenoscopic lithotripsy for upper urinary tract calculi.

To assess the effectiveness of a pulse duration alterable Holmium-YAG (Ho:YAG) laser on the stone-free rate (SFR) compared to a conventional pulse duration fixed laser after ureterorenoscopic lithotripsy (URSL). The medical records from patients with upper urinary tract calculi of ≥ 9 mm and < 30 mm were retrospectively investigated. URSL using a conventional Ho:YAG Laser (group C) or a pulse duration alterable Ho:YAG system (group A) was included.

Changes in the gene expression of the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium due to the addition of atropine.

We constructed a LongSAGE (Long Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) library from a 3-d culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium supplemented with atropine, which inhibits the production of lignin-degrading enzymes. The library (the atropine library) contains 13,108 LongSAGE tags and 6,783 unique tags. The gene expression profile represented by the tags was compared with those of two previously constructed libraries, one of which was constructed using 2-d cultures in which the fungus had not yet produced ligninolytic enzymes (the 2-d library) and the other was constructed using 3-d cultures in which the fungus had just started to produce the enzymes (the 3-d library).