Glucagon-like-1 receptor agonists and sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors combination-are we exploiting their full potential in a real life setting?

Background: The sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) and glucagon-like-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) are antidiabetic agents effective both in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction (with a low risk of hypoglycemia) and cardiovascular event prevention. In patients with type 2 diabetes, the add-on value of combination therapy of GLP-1RA and an SGLT-2i seems promising.

Aim: To investigate whether the efficacy of GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i combination observed in randomized controlled trials translates into therapeutic benefits in the Croatian population during routine clinical practice and follow-up.

The effectiveness of lixisenatide as an add on therapy to basal insulin in diabetic type 2 patients previously treated with different insulin regimes: a multi-center observational study.

Introduction: This observational study aimed to assess the effectiveness of lixisenatide as add on therapy to basal insulin in diabetic type 2 patients previously treated with different insulin regimes.

Methods: Patients with diabetes type 2, prescribed with lixisenatide and basal insulin were divided in three groups (premixed insulin, basal bolus insulin and basal oral therapy (BOT). Difference in mean change in HbA1c, body mass index, total insulin doses, fasting blood glucose (FPG) and prandial blood glucose (PPG) were assessed after 3-6-months of follow-up.

The influence of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and catechol -methyltransferase gene polymorphism on the efficacy of insulin detemir therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: Type II diabetes is an important health problem with a complex connection to obesity, leading to a broad range of cardiovascular complications. Insulin therapy often results in weight gain and does not always ensure adequate glycemic control. However, previous studies reported that insulin detemir is an efficient long-acting insulin with a weight sparing effect.

Long-Term Effectiveness of Liraglutide in Association with Patients' Baseline Characteristics in Real-Life Setting in Croatia: An Observational, Retrospective, Multicenter Study.

Introduction: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RAs) are recommended therapy for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and liraglutide is the most used worldwide. We assessed the glycemic efficacy and extra-glycemic effects of liraglutide during 36 months' follow-up of individuals with poorly regulated T2DM under routine clinical practice and sought to identify the phenotype of treatment responders.

Methods: A total of 207 individuals were included.

[Historical background of the Croatian Medical Association].

Since the establishment of the Croatian Medical Association in 1874, continuing its socializing, collaborative, professional and scientific activities through generations of medical doctors and dental doctors down to the present time. The period has been marked by dedicated work of many generations of physicians, numerous professional and scientific achievements of the medical profession. During their mandates, many presidents guided and directed the activities of the CMA, fervently discussed and fought for progress and prosperity and proudly celebrated important anniversaries and events.

An unusual clinical presentation of subacute granulomatous thyroiditis.

Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis is an inflammatory thyroid condition that is presumed to be caused by a viral infection or postviral inflammatory process. It is characterized by neck pain, usually a tender diffuse goiter, and thyrotoxicosis. A case is presented of subacute granulomatous thyroiditis in an adult woman who had no neck pain but presented with morning stiffness in the small joints of the right hand, intermittent abdominal pain, malaise, fever, and myalgia.

Three-dimensional sonoembryology.

Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound plays an important role in obstetrics, predominantly for assessing fetal anatomy. Presenting volume data in a standard anatomic orientation valuably assists both ultrasonographers and pregnant patients to recognize the anatomy more readily. Three-dimensional ultrasound is advantageous in studying normal embryonic and/or fetal development, as well as providing information for families at risk for specific congenital anomalies by confirming normality.

Prenatal diagnosis: what does four-dimensional ultrasound add?

Introduction: The key benefit of 4D ultrasound lies in providing real-time 3D images of embryonic or fetal movements, previously limited by technological advancement.

Aim: To classify types of first trimester embryonic and fetal movements in normal pregnancies as seen by 4D sonography.

Results: Three types of movements can be visualized in the first trimester: gross body between seven and eight weeks, limb movements after ten weeks and complex limb movements after 11 weeks of gestation.

Limb deformities and three-dimensional ultrasound.

Aim: To assess the ability of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography for improvement of antenatal detection of limb deformities.

Methods: 347 patients were selected from a routine outpatient clinic or sent for supervision from other units because of suspected anomalies of fetal extremities. 3D ultrasound devices used in the study were Combison 530D and Voluson 530D MT (Kretztechnik, Zipf, Austria) with a 3-5 MHz annular array transducer for three-dimensional volume scanning.