Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) can lead to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and impaired in-hospital and long-term outcomes among cardiac patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of repeated contrast media (CM) administration during a single hospitalization on the rate of CI-AKI. The study group ( = 138) comprised patients with different diagnoses who received CM more than once during hospitalization, while the control group ( = 153) involved CAD patients subject to a single CM dose.
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