Proteomic Profiling of Tissue Exosomes Indicates Continuous Release of Malignant Exosomes in Urinary Bladder Cancer Patients, Even with Pathologically Undetectable Tumour.

Invasive urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) has high recurrence rates even after radical cystectomy (RC). Exosomes are membrane-bound nanovesicles, which have been shown to contribute to carcinogenesis and metastasis. We previously showed that urinary exosomes display a malignant profile in UBC patients despite the absence of detectable tumour.

Fewer tumour draining sentinel nodes in patients with progressing muscle invasive bladder cancer, after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical cystectomy.

Purpose: To examine the relationship between the number of tumour draining sentinel nodes (SNs) and pathoanatomical outcomes, in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and radical cystectomy (RC).

Materials And Methods: In an ongoing prospective multicenter study, we included 230 patients with suspected urothelial MIBC from ten Swedish urological centers. All underwent TURb and clinical staging.

Coherence and Density Dynamics of Excitons in a Single-Layer MoS Reaching the Homogeneous Limit.

We measure the coherent nonlinear response of excitons in a single layer of molybdenum disulfide embedded in hexagonal boron nitride, forming a h-BN/MoS/ h-BN heterostructure. Using four-wave mixing microscopy and imaging, we correlate the exciton inhomogeneous broadening with the homogeneous one and population lifetime. We find that the exciton dynamics is governed by microscopic disorder on top of the ideal crystal properties.

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Reinforces Antitumour T cell Response in Urothelial Urinary Bladder Cancer.

Evidence indicates that neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) may promote antitumour immune responses by activating T cells. The tumour-draining sentinel node (SN) is a key site to study tumour-specific T cell activation, being the primary immunological barrier against the tumour. In this prospective study, we set out to elucidate the effects of NAC on T cell subsets in the SNs of patients with muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer.

Urothelial bladder cancer may suppress perforin expression in CD8+ T cells by an ICAM-1/TGFβ2 mediated pathway.

The immune system plays a significant role in urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) progression, with CD8+ T cells being capable to directly kill tumor cells using perforin and granzymes. However, tumors avoid immune recognition by escape mechanisms. In this study, we aim to demonstrate tumor immune escape mechanisms that suppress CD8+ T cells cytotoxicity.

Impact of Phonons on Dephasing of Individual Excitons in Deterministic Quantum Dot Microlenses.

Optimized light-matter coupling in semiconductor nanostructures is a key to understand their optical properties and can be enabled by advanced fabrication techniques. Using in situ electron beam lithography combined with a low-temperature cathodoluminescence imaging, we deterministically fabricate microlenses above selected InAs quantum dots (QDs), achieving their efficient coupling to the external light field. This enables performing four-wave mixing microspectroscopy of single QD excitons, revealing the exciton population and coherence dynamics.

Radiatively Limited Dephasing and Exciton Dynamics in MoSe2 Monolayers Revealed with Four-Wave Mixing Microscopy.

By implementing four-wave mixing (FWM) microspectroscopy, we measure coherence and population dynamics of the exciton transitions in monolayers of MoSe2. We reveal their dephasing times T2 and radiative lifetime T1 in a subpicosecond (ps) range, approaching T2 = 2T1 and thus indicating radiatively limited dephasing at a temperature of 6 K. We elucidate the dephasing mechanisms by varying the temperature and by probing various locations on the flake exhibiting a different local disorder.

Daytime sleepiness and EEG abnormalities in patients treated with second generation antipsychotic agents.

Background: The aim of this study was to verify whether or not an increased prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) or EEG abnormalities is observed in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), and to compare the effects of second generation antipsychotics (SGA) on patients' daytime sleepiness level and EEG recordings.

Methods: EEG recordings and self-reports of EDS, assessed with Epworth (ESS) and Stanford (SSS) Sleepiness Scales, were compared between 244 patients with SSD and 82 patients with anxiety, personality or behavioral disorders (non-psychotic disorders, NPD). To examine the effects of various SGA, patients treated in monotherapy with aripiprazole, olanzapine, clozapine, risperidone and sertindole were compared.

Inhibition and enhancement of the spontaneous emission of quantum dots in micropillar cavities with radial-distributed Bragg reflectors.

We present a micropillar cavity where nondesired radial emission is inhibited. The photonic confinement in such a structure is improved by implementation of an additional concentric radial-distributed Bragg reflector. Such a reflector increases the reflectivity in all directions perpendicular to the micropillar axis from a typical value of 15-31% to above 98%.

Negative influence of L-dopa on subjectively assessed sleep but not on nocturnal polysomnography in Parkinson's disease.

Background: Sleep disorders are highly prevalent among patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Chronic medication with L-dopa may be one of the factors that contributes to poor sleep quality. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of long term use of L-dopa on objective and subjective measures of sleep quality in PD patients.

Monolithic ZnTe-based pillar microcavities containing CdTe quantum dots.

Micropillars of different diameters have been prepared by focused ion beam milling out of a planar ZnTe-based cavity. The monolithic epitaxial structure, deposited on a GaAs substrate, contains CdTe quantum dots embedded in a ZnTe λ-cavity delimited by two distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). The high refractive index material of the DBR structure is ZnTe, while for the low index material a short-period triple MgTe/ZnTe/MgSe superlattice is used.

[The use of event related potentials in psychiatric research].

Background: Event related potentials (ERPs) originate predominantly from cortical structures in response to information processing. In contrast to evoked potentials of short latency (<100 ms), long latency cognitive ERPs are not directly related to the physical characteristics of the stimulus, but rather to the information and meaning that the stimulus has for the investigated person.

Aim: The aim of this review article was to present selected research questions in psychiatry that can be addressed with ERP studies.

[Neurophysiological examinations in narcolepsy].

Background: Narcolepsy is a chronic hypersomnia of central origin, linked with dysfunction of hypocretin-containing neurons, localized in the lateral hypothalamus. Main symptoms of narcolepsy include excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis. Establishing the proper diagnosis is very important, because of the negative impact of narcolepsy on patients' functioning in social-life and the possibility of improvement of quality of life with adequate treatment.

[Spinocerebellar ataxias type 1 and 2: comparison of clinical, electrophysiological and magnetic resonance evaluation].

Background And Purpose: Spinocerebellar ataxias type 1 (SCA1) and type 2 (SCA2) belong to neurodegenerative disorders of autosomal dominant inheritance, genetically and clinically heterogeneous, caused by the expansion of CAG trinucleotides. Trunk and limb ataxia, dysarthria, dysphagia, gaze palsy, sensory and motor axonal neuropathy are the dominant features in both entities. The aim of the study was to evaluate the differences between genotype and phenotype based on clinical and electrophysiological assessment of the visual, auditory pathways, and EEG alterations in comparison with the cerebellar and brain atrophy in MRI.