Cremophor EL Nano-Emulsion Monomerizes Chlorophyll in Water Medium.

In this paper, the application of a non-ionic detergent Cremophor EL for monomerization of chlorophyll in an aqueous medium is studied. The spectrophotometric properties of chlorophyll encapsulated into the Cremophor EL nano-emulsion system were characterized by electronic absorption, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence as well as circular dichroism spectroscopy. The results have shown that chlorophyll dissolves more efficiently in the aqueous medium containing low-level Cremophor (5 wt%) than at an ethanolic solution even in the concentration of 10 M.

Microsporidia Nosema spp. - obligate bee parasites are transmitted by air.

Microsporidia Nosema are transferred among bees via the faecal-oral route. Nosema spp. spores have been detected on flowers and transferred to hives along with the bee pollen.

A simplified method of preparation of mammalian intestine samples for scanning electron microscopy.

Due to strong tissue hydration and complex architecture of the mucous membrane, appropriate preparation of inhomogeneous gastrointestinal tissues, especially from the intestine, for scanning electron microscopy is still a challenge and requires constant improvement of preparation techniques. In this article, we describe a simplified method of preparation of small intestinal mucosa tissues for observations in a scanning electron microscope. We emphasized the most important points in the preparation process that, when ignored, may result in formation of numerous artifacts and the inability to analyze the samples reliably.