Single-cell, high-throughput analysis of cell docking to vessel wall.

Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been reported consistently in animal models of stroke, with mechanism mainly through immunomodulation and paracrine activity. Intravenous injection has been a prevailing route for MSCs administration, but cell quantities needed when scaling-up from mouse to human are extremely high putting into question feasibility of that approach. Intra-arterial delivery directly routes the cells to the brain thus lowering the required dose.

Early P2X7R-dependent activation of microglia during the asymptomatic phase of autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation accompanies many central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), and is strongly dependent on the purinergic P2X7 receptor. The nature of the inflammatory response in MS is studied for decades indicating, that proinflammatory microgliosis is involved in advanced stages of MS and is associated with active tissue damage and neurological dysfunctions. Evidence on the role of microgliosis in initial stages of the disease is scarce.

Administration of an antagonist of P2X7 receptor to EAE rats prevents a decrease of expression of claudin-5 in cerebral capillaries.

Purinergic P2X receptors, when activated under pathological conditions, participate in induction of the inflammatory response and/or cell death. Both neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration represent hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. In the current study, we examined whether P2X7R is expressed in brain microvasculature of rats subjected to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and explore possible relationships with blood-brain barrier (BBB) protein-claudin-5 after administration of P2X7R antagonist-Brilliant Blue G (BBG).

Vasopressin V1a receptors are present in the carotid body and contribute to the control of breathing in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

Vasopressin (AVP) maintains body homeostasis by regulating water balance, cardiovascular system and stress response. AVP inhibits breathing through central vasopressin 1a receptors (V1aRs). Chemoreceptors within carotid bodies (CBs) detect chemical and hormonal signals in the bloodstream and provide sensory input to respiratory and cardiovascular centers of the brainstem.

Inhibition of TNF reduces mechanical orofacial hyperalgesia induced by Complete Freund's Adjuvant by a TRPV1-dependent mechanism in mice.

Background: Inflammation in the orofacial region results in pain and is associated with many pathological states, including migraine, neuralgias and temporomandibular disorder. Although extensively studied, the mechanisms responsible for these conditions are not known and effective treatments are lacking. We reported earlier that the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays an important role in regulation of trigeminal ganglion (TG) neuron function in vitro.

Early P2X7R-related astrogliosis in autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Astrocytes are the main cells responsible for maintenance of brain homeostasis. Undisturbed action and signaling with other cells are crucial for proper functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). Dysfunctional astrocytes may determine the degree of neuronal injury and are associated with several brain pathologies, among which are multiple sclerosis (MS) and the animal model of this disease which is known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

Intestinal expression of metal transporters in Wilson's disease.

In Wilson's disease (WND), biallelic ATP7B gene mutation is responsible for pathological copper accumulation in the liver, brain and other organs. It has been proposed that copper transporter 1 (CTR1) and the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) translocate copper across the human intestinal epithelium, while Cu-ATPases: ATP7A and ATP7B serve as copper efflux pumps. In this study, we investigated the expression of CTR1, DMT1 and ATP7A in the intestines of both WND patients and healthy controls to examine whether any adaptive mechanisms to systemic copper overload function in the enterocytes.

Neurochemical and behavioral characteristics of toxic milk mice: an animal model of Wilson's disease.

Toxic milk mice have an inherited defect of copper metabolism. Hepatic phenotype of the toxic milk mice is similar to clinical findings in humans suffering from Wilson's disease (WND). In the present study, neurotransmitter system and locomotor performance in toxic milk mice was examined to verify the feasibility of this animal model for studying neuropathology of WND.

Association of plasma concentrations of salicylic acid and high on ASA platelet reactivity in type 2 diabetes patients.

Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the association between plasma concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) and other minor acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) metabolites and high on ASA platelet reactivity assessed with different methods in type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM).

Methods: Study cohort consisted of 293 T2DM patients on chronic ASA therapy. Platelet function inhibition was analyzed using measurements of serum thromboxane B2 (S-TxB2), VerifyNow Aspirin and Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA)-100 assays.

Markers of oxidative stress in hepatopancreas of crayfish (Orconectes limosus, raf) experimentally exposed to nanosilver.

Silver nanoparticles, chemically neutral particles in the size range of 1-100 nm, express strong antimicrobial activity and therefore have a broad range of applications. The increased use of consumer products with nanosilver (nanoAg) may result in its release into the environment, and may particularly affect aquatic systems. The mechanisms of the harmful effects of nanoAg against aquatic organisms are unclear.

Expression of purinergic P2X7 receptor in rat brain during the symptomatic phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and after recovery of neurological deficits.

Purinergic ionotropic P2X(7) receptor is widely distributed in brain. Strong evidence suggests that this receptor is related to inflammatory and neurodegenerative changes in many pathological states of central nervous system (CNS), including multiple sclerosis (MS). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the commonly used animal model of MS.

Temporal expression of P2X7 purinergic receptor during the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Purinergic P2X(7) receptors are nucleotide-gated ion channels widely distributed in brain. Strong evidence suggests that they are involved in cross-talk between glial and neuronal cells. These receptors activated under pathological conditions may participate in regulation of inflammatory response and cell death.