Distinctive exercise-induced inflammatory response and exerkine induction in skeletal muscle of people with type 2 diabetes.

Mechanistic insights into the molecular events by which exercise enhances the skeletal muscle phenotype are lacking, particularly in the context of type 2 diabetes. Here, we unravel a fundamental role for exercise-responsive cytokines () on skeletal muscle development and growth in individuals with normal glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes. Acute exercise triggered an inflammatory response in skeletal muscle, concomitant with an infiltration of immune cells.

Changes in Vitamin D Status in Overweight Middle-Aged Adults with or without Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Two Consecutive Nordic Summers.

Background: Sun exposure is the main driver of vitamin D synthesis. High latitude, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are all risk factors for vitamin D deficiency. However, the seasonal variation in vitamin D concentrations (25[OH]D) in such populations before and after sun exposure during the summer is unknown.

Circulating Exosomal miR-20b-5p Is Elevated in Type 2 Diabetes and Could Impair Insulin Action in Human Skeletal Muscle.

miRNAs are noncoding RNAs representing an important class of gene expression modulators. Extracellular circulating miRNAs are both candidate biomarkers for disease pathogenesis and mediators of cell-to-cell communication. We examined the miRNA expression profile of total serum and serum-derived exosome-enriched extracellular vesicles in people with normal glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes.

Afternoon exercise is more efficacious than morning exercise at improving blood glucose levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover trial.

Aims/hypothesis: Exercise is recommended for the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes. However, the most effective time of day to achieve beneficial effects on health remains unknown. We aimed to determine whether exercise training at two distinct times of day would have differing effects on 24 h blood glucose levels in men with type 2 diabetes.

Outcome of extremely preterm infants after iatrogenic or spontaneous birth.

Introduction: The risks of preterm birth are known. We investigated the perinatal and infant mortality and morbidity after iatrogenic or spontaneous onset of extremely preterm birth.

Material And Methods: The present study used data from the population-based EXPRESS study comprising all infants delivered before 27 gestational weeks in Sweden between 2004 and 2007.

Direct effects of exercise on kynurenine metabolism in people with normal glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes.

Background: Systemic kynurenine levels are associated with resistance to stress-induced depression and are modulated by exercise. Tryptophan is a precursor for serotonin and kynurenine synthesis. Kynurenine is transformed into the neuroprotective catabolite kynurenic acid by kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs).

Influence of physical activity and gender on arterial function in type 2 diabetes, normal and impaired glucose tolerance.

To determine whether Nordic walking improves cardiovascular function in middle-aged women and men, we included 121 with normal glucose tolerance, 33 with impaired glucose tolerance and 47 with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in a randomized controlled study. The intervention group added Nordic walking 5 h/week for 4 months to their ordinary activities. Aortic pulse wave velocity, aortic augmentation index, stiffness index, reflection index, intima-media thickness in the radial and carotid arteries, echogenicity of the carotid intima-media and systemic vascular resistance were measured.

Changes in gene expression in responders and nonresponders to a low-intensity walking intervention.

Objective: Daily physical activity remains an effective strategy to prevent obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, the metabolic response to exercise training is variable, and the precise clinical and molecular determinants that mark the metabolic improvements remain unknown. We tested the hypothesis that clinical improvements in glucose control after low-intensity exercise in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are coupled to alterations in skeletal muscle gene expression.

Acute exercise remodels promoter methylation in human skeletal muscle.

DNA methylation is a covalent biochemical modification controlling chromatin structure and gene expression. Exercise elicits gene expression changes that trigger structural and metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle. We determined whether DNA methylation plays a role in exercise-induced gene expression.

Mitochondrial regulators of fatty acid metabolism reflect metabolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The delicate homeostatic balance between glucose and fatty acid metabolism in relation to whole-body energy regulation is influenced by mitochondrial function. We determined expression and regulation of mitochondrial enzymes including pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) 4, PDK2, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, and malonyl-coenzyme A decarboxylase in skeletal muscle from people with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained from NGT (n = 79) or T2DM (n = 33) men and women matched for age and body mass index.

Direct effects of FGF21 on glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle: implications for type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Background: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, a novel member of the FGF family, plays a role in a variety of endocrine functions, including regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. The role of FGF21 in skeletal muscle is currently not known.

Methods: Serum levels and skeletal muscle mRNA of FGF21 were determined in normal glucose tolerant (n = 40) and type 2 diabetic (T2D; n = 40) subjects.

Non-CpG methylation of the PGC-1alpha promoter through DNMT3B controls mitochondrial density.

Epigenetic modification through DNA methylation is implicated in metabolic disease. Using whole-genome promoter methylation analysis of skeletal muscle from normal glucose-tolerant and type 2 diabetic subjects, we identified cytosine hypermethylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1alpha) in diabetic subjects. Methylation levels were negatively correlated with PGC-1alpha mRNA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).

Low-intensity exercise increases skeletal muscle protein expression of PPARdelta and UCP3 in type 2 diabetic patients.

Background: Physical exercise provides health benefits for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, partly by enhancing skeletal muscle insulin action. We tested the hypothesis that changes in expression of key genes in skeletal muscles relate to exercise-induced improvements in type 2 diabetic patients.

Methods: We determined mRNA expression of 20 selected genes following a self-supervised program of walking (> 150 min per week) over a 4-month period.

Walking for exercise--does three times per week influence risk factors in type 2 diabetes?

In order to assess the effects of regular walking on metabolic control and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes 26 patients from one primary care clinic, aged 60.0+/-7.3 years, participated in a walking program during 4 months.

Gender differences in risk factor control and treatment profile in diabetes: a study in 229 swedish primary health care centres.

Objective: To measure the risk factors and treatment profile of diabetes patients treated in primary health care (PHC) in order to evaluate potential gender differences.

Design: Cross-sectional survey of consecutive diabetes patients.

Setting: 229 PHC centres in Sweden.