Cold induces increased ad libitum energy intake independent of changes in energy expenditure: a controlled crossover trial in adults.

Background: Measures of energy metabolism [energy expenditure (EE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER)] have been associated with ad libitum energy intake (EI) and weight gain in previous observational studies, suggesting that energy-sensing mechanisms drive EI to meet metabolic energy demands.

Objective: We aimed to employ mild cold exposure as an intervention to alter energy metabolism and evaluate its causal effects on concurrent and next day ad libitum EI.

Methods: In a controlled crossover study, 47 volunteers (16 female; age 37.

Hepatic Insulin Resistance Increases Risk of Gallstone Disease in Indigenous Americans in the Southwestern United States.

Introduction: Animal models indicate that hepatic insulin resistance (IR) promotes cholesterol gallstone disease (GSD). We sought to determine whether hepatic and whole-body IR is associated with incident GSD.

Methods: At baseline, 450 Southwestern Indigenous American adults without GSD were included.

Acid accumulation is associated with metabolic alterations; higher energy, fat, and protein intake; and energy expenditure.

Objective: The objective of this study was to study how acid accumulation (lower plasma bicarbonate and higher anion gap [AG] and corrected anion gap [CAG]) correlates with metabolic parameters, food intake, and 24-h energy expenditure (EE).

Methods: Acid accumulation was measured in 286 healthy adults with estimated glomerular filtration rate > 60 mL/min/1.73 m.

Impaired metabolic flexibility to fasting is associated with increased ad libitum energy intake in healthy adults.

Objective: We investigated how changes in 24-h respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and substrate oxidation during fasting versus an energy balance condition influence subsequent ad libitum food intake.

Methods: Forty-four healthy, weight-stable volunteers (30 male and 14 female; mean [SD], age 39.3 [11.

Dietary Adherence Is Associated with Perceived Stress, Anhedonia, and Food Insecurity Independent of Adiposity.

We examined whether perceived stress, anhedonia, and food insecurity were associated with dietary adherence during a 6-week intervention. Sixty participants (23 m; 53 ± 14 y) completed psychosocial measures and were provided with full meals. Individuals with obesity were randomized to a weight-maintaining energy needs (WMENs) ( = 18; BMI 33 ± 4) or a 35% calorie-reduced diet (n = 19; BMI 38 ± 9); normal-weight individuals (n = 23; BMI 23 ± 2) were assigned to a WMENs diet.

Investigation of seasonality of human spontaneous physical activity and energy expenditure in respiratory chamber in Phoenix, Arizona.

Objective: The existence of seasonal changes in energy metabolism is uncertain. We investigated the relationship between the seasons and spontaneous physical activity (SPA), energy expenditure (EE), and other components measured in a respiratory chamber.

Methods: Between 1985-2005, 671 healthy adults (aged 28.

Greater anhedonia scores in healthy individuals are associated with less decline in 24-hour energy expenditure with fasting: Evidence for a link between behavioral traits and spendthrift phenotype.

Obesity rates are increasing and affecting mental health. It is important to understand how behavioral traits such as anhedonia are associated with physiologic traits that may predict weight-change in clinical and non-clinical populations. We studied whether 24-hour energy expenditure (24hEE) changes with fasting and overfeeding are associated with anhedonia in a healthy cohort.

The association between gut hormones and diet-induced metabolic flexibility in metabolically healthy adults.

Objective: This study investigated whether interindividual variance in diet-induced metabolic flexibility is explained by differences in gut hormone concentrations.

Methods: A total of 69 healthy volunteers with normal glucose regulation underwent 24-hour assessments of respiratory quotient (RQ) in a whole-room indirect calorimeter during eucaloric feeding (EBL; 50% carbohydrate, 30% fat) and then, in a crossover design, during 24-hour fasting and three normal-protein (20%) overfeeding diets (200% energy requirements). Metabolic flexibility was defined as the change in 24-hour RQ from EBL during standard (50% carbohydrate), high-fat (60%), and high-carbohydrate (75%) overfeeding diets.

Transitioning care in youth-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a scoping review protocol using the socio-ecological model framework.

Introduction: The transition from paediatric to adult diabetes care in youth-onset diabetes (type 1 diabetes mellitus, Y-T1DM and type 2 diabetes mellitus, Y-T2DM) is associated with worsening glycaemic control, missed clinical visits, decreased medication adherence and the emergence of cardiometabolic complications. The socio-ecological challenges that influence transitioning to adult diabetes care may be distinct between Y-T1DM and Y-T2DM. The goal of this scoping review is to map the state of the literature on transitioning care in Y-T2DM compared with Y-T1DM and to identify the main sources and types of evidence available.

Carbon Isotope Ratios of Plasma and RBC Fatty Acids Identify Meat Consumers in a 12-Week Inpatient Feeding Study of 32 Men.

Background: Molecular stable isotope ratios are a novel type of dietary biomarker with high sensitivity and specificity for certain foods. Among these, fatty acid carbon isotope ratios (CIRs) have strong potential but have not been investigated as dietary biomarkers.

Objectives: We evaluated whether fatty acid CIRs and mass proportions were associated with meat, fish, and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake.

Food insecurity is associated with higher respiratory quotient and lower glucagon-like peptide 1.

Objective: Food insecurity is known to be associated with obesity, but its association with physiological measures is unclear. Therefore, it was hypothesized that, compared with food-secure individuals, those with food insecurity would have higher 24-hour energy expenditure (EE [kilocalories per day]) and 24-hour respiratory quotient (RQ [ratio]). Subsequently, hormones involved in appetite regulation, substrate oxidation, and EE were explored.

Food insecurity moderates the relationship between momentary affect and adherence in a dietary intervention study.

Objective: Negative affect and food insecurity have been proposed to impede adherence to weight loss interventions. Therefore, this study examined the role of these variables on dietary adherence using Ecological Momentary Assessment.

Methods: A total of 50 participants (19 male participants; age = 49 [SD 14] years) participated in an outpatient dietary study.

Meal-to-meal and day-to-day macronutrient variation in an ad libitum vending food paradigm.

Background: Theory posits that macronutrient intake is regulated by protein consumption and adequate intake of protein results in consumption of less carbohydrates and fat. The current study investigates the effect of protein intake on calorie and macronutrient content using an ad libitum vending machine paradigm.

Methods: Healthy volunteers (n = 287; 177 m; Age = 36 ± 11; BMI = 32 ± 8) were admitted to our clinical research unit.

Exchanging fluids .

Knowledge of evolutionary influences on patterns of human mating, social interactions, and differential health is increasing, yet these insights have rarely been applied to historical analyses of human population dynamics. The genetic and evolutionary forces behind biases in interethnic mating and in the health of individuals of different ethnic groups in Latin America and the Caribbean since the European colonization of America are still largely ignored. We discuss how historical and contemporary sociocultural interactions and practices are strongly influenced by population-level evolutionary forces.

Chronic psychosocial and financial burden accelerates 5-year telomere shortening: findings from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.

Leukocyte telomere length, a marker of immune system function, is sensitive to exposures such as psychosocial stressors and health-maintaining behaviors. Past research has determined that stress experienced in adulthood is associated with shorter telomere length, but is limited to mostly cross-sectional reports. We test whether repeated reports of chronic psychosocial and financial burden is associated with telomere length change over a 5-year period (years 15 and 20) from 969 participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, a longitudinal, population-based cohort, ages 18-30 at time of recruitment in 1985.

Lynn's theory of criminality revisited: Consideration of individual differences and developmental life history contributions to the patterning of population differences in antagonistic social strategies.

We revisit an old theory proposed by Lynn, connecting race differences in criminality and psychopathy with The origin of this group-difference is attributed to cold-selection in the Pleistocene. We contend that newer models of Life History Theory provide a better rubric within which to evaluate Lynn's arguments as a) they better account for the adaptive logic of the coherence pattern among the traits characteristic of so-called 'psychopathic personality', b) provide a normatively free language with which group differences in behavior can be described, and c) make predictions at the level of both the individual and intra-individual (developmental) levels, which permit the role of environmental contributions to these dispositions to be better comprehended. Thus newer approaches to understanding life history are necessarily more empirically nuanced.

Sleep debt: the impact of weekday sleep deprivation on cardiovascular health in older women.

Study Objectives: Short sleep duration is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, it is uncertain whether sleep debt, a measure of sleep deficiency during the week compared to the weekend, confers increased cardiovascular risk. Because sleep disturbances increase with age particularly in women, we examined the relationship between sleep debt and ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) in older women.

Financial strain and ideal cardiovascular health in middle-aged and older women: Data from the Women's health study.

Unlabelled: Financial strain is a prevalent form of psychosocial stress in the United States; however, information about the relationship between financial strain and cardiovascular health remains sparse, particularly in older women.

Methods: The cross-sectional association between financial strain and ideal cardiovascular health were examined in the Women's Health Study follow-up cohort (N = 22,048; mean age = 72± 6.0 years).

Lack of partner impacts newborn health through maternal depression: A pilot study of low-income immigrant Latina women.

Introduction: Latina women have a high burden of depression and other mental health issues, particularly in the perinatal period. Suboptimal maternal mental health can have adverse developmental and physiological impacts on child growth. The present study examines the impact of unplanned pregnancy and pregnancy relationship status on prenatal maternal depression in a sample of low-income Latina women.

Reply to Van Lange et al.: Proximate and ultimate distinctions must be made to the CLASH model.

Transcending reviewed proximate theories, Van Lange et al.'s CLASH model attempts to ultimately explain the poleward declension of aggression and violence. Seasonal cold is causal, but, we contend, principally as an ecologically relevant evolutionary pressure.

Early stress, parental motivation, and reproductive decision-making: applications of life history theory to parental behavior.

This review focuses on the impact of parental behavior on child development, as interpreted from an evolutionary-developmental perspective. We employ psychosocial acceleration theory to reinterpret the effects of variation in parental investment and involvement on child development, arguing that these effects have been structured by natural selection to match the developing child to current and expected future environments. Over time, an individual's development, physiology, and behavior are organized in a coordinated manner (as instantiated in 'life history strategies') that facilitates survival and reproductive success under different conditions.

Sexual intimacy in couples is associated with longer telomere length.

High-quality relationships have been shown to be beneficial for physical and mental health. This study examined overall relationship satisfaction and perceived stress as well as daily reports of partner support, partner conflict, and physical intimacy obtained over the course of one week in a sample of 129 high and low stress mothers. Telomere length was examined in whole blood, as well as the two cell subpopulations: peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and granulocytes.

Adversity, Adaptive Calibration, and Health: The Case of Disadvantaged Families.

Epidemiologists and medical researchers often employ an allostatic load model that focuses on environmental and lifestyle factors, together with biological vulnerabilities, to explain the deterioration of human physiological systems and chronic degenerative disease. Although this perspective has informed medicine and public health, it is agnostic toward the functional significance of pathophysiology and health deterioration. Drawing on Life History (LH) theory, the current paper reviews the literature on disadvantaged families to serve as a conceptual model of stress-health relationships in which the allocation of reproductive effort is instantiated in the LH strategies of individuals and reflects the bioenergetic and material resource .