Brain-based correlates of depression and traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies.

Introduction: Depression is prevalent after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, there is a lack of understanding of the brain-based correlates of depression post-TBI. This systematic review aimed to synthesize findings of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies to identify consistently reported neural correlates of depression post-TBI.

Sex Differences in Cortical Thickness and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Burden Based on APOE4 Homozygosity in Alzheimer's Disease.

Sex differences in patterns of cortical thickness and neuropsychiatric symptom (NPS) burden were examined among individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and two copies (homozygote carriers) of the e4 allele of the apolipoprotein gene (APOE). A total of 752 participants with a clinical etiologic diagnosis of AD were selected from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) database. Bayesian multilevel regression was used to examine both the within- and between-sex differences in gray-matter cortical thickness and total NPS burden associated with APOE homozygosity.

Target engagement of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex with transcranial temporal interference stimulation in major depressive disorder: a protocol for a randomized sham-controlled trial.

Background: Transcranial temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) is a new, emerging neurostimulation technology that utilizes two or more electric fields at specific frequencies to modulate the oscillations of neurons at a desired spatial location in the brain. The physics of tTIS offers the advantage of modulating deep brain structures in a non-invasive fashion and with minimal stimulation of the overlying cortex outside of a selected target. As such, tTIS can be effectively employed in the context of therapeutics for the psychiatric disease of disrupted brain connectivity, such as major depressive disorder (MDD).

Effects of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome on cerebral white matter and emotional health among non-hospitalized individuals.

Introduction: Post-acute COVID syndrome (PACS) is a growing concern, given its impact on mental health and quality of life. However, its effects on cerebral white matter remain poorly understood, particularly in non-hospitalized cohorts. The goals of this cross-sectional, observational study were to examine (1) whether PACS was associated with distinct alterations in white matter microstructure, compared to symptom-matched non-COVID viral infection; and (2) whether microstructural alterations correlated with indices of post-COVID emotional health.

Persistent fatigue in post-acute COVID syndrome is associated with altered T1 MRI texture in subcortical structures: a preliminary investigation.

Post-acute COVID syndrome (PACS) is a global health concern and is often associated with debilitating symptoms. Post-COVID fatigue is a particularly frequent and troubling issue, and its underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. One potential contributor is micropathological injury of subcortical and brainstem structures, as has been identified in other patient populations.

History of traumatic brain injury is associated with increased grey-matter loss in patients with mild cognitive impairment.

Objectives: To investigate whether a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with greater long-term grey-matter loss in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods: 85 patients with MCI were identified, including 26 with a previous history of traumatic brain injury (MCI[TBI-]) and 59 without (MCI[TBI+]). Cortical thickness was evaluated by segmenting T1-weighted MRI scans acquired longitudinally over a 2-year period.

Neuroanatomical correlates of distracted straight driving performance: a driving simulator MRI study across the lifespan.

Background: Driving is the preferred mode of transportation for adults across the healthy age span. However, motor vehicle crashes are among the leading causes of injury and death, especially for older adults, and under distracted driving conditions. Understanding the neuroanatomical basis of driving may inform interventions that minimize crashes.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms and brain morphology in patients with mild cognitive impairment, cerebrovascular disease and Parkinson disease: A cross sectional and longitudinal study.

Objectives: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) increase risk of developing dementia and are linked to various neurodegenerative conditions, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI due to Alzheimer's disease [AD]), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). We explored the structural neural correlates of NPS cross-sectionally and longitudinally across various neurodegenerative diagnoses.

Methods: The study included individuals with MCI due to AD, (n = 74), CVD (n = 143), and PD (n = 137) at baseline, and at 2-years follow-up (MCI due to AD, n = 37, CVD n = 103, and PD n = 84).

Interaction of Alzheimer Disease and Traumatic Brain Injury on Cortical Thickness.

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with an accelerated course of dementia, although biological relationships are incompletely understood.

Methods: The study examined 1124 participants, including 343 with Alzheimer disease (AD), 127 with AD with TBI, 266 cognitively normal adults with TBI, and 388 cognitively normal adults without TBI. Cortical thickness was quantified from T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data.

Persistent post-COVID headache is associated with suppression of scale-free functional brain dynamics in non-hospitalized individuals.

Introduction: Post-acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) syndrome (PACS) is a growing concern, with headache being a particularly debilitating symptom with high prevalence. The long-term effects of COVID-19 and post-COVID headache on brain function remain poorly understood, particularly among non-hospitalized individuals. This study focused on the power-law scaling behavior of functional brain dynamics, indexed by the Hurst exponent (H).

Feasibility of diffusion-tensor and correlated diffusion imaging for studying white-matter microstructural abnormalities: Application in COVID-19.

There has been growing attention on the effect of COVID-19 on white-matter microstructure, especially among those that self-isolated after being infected. There is also immense scientific interest and potential clinical utility to evaluate the sensitivity of single-shell diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods for detecting such effects. In this work, the performances of three single-shell-compatible diffusion MRI modeling methods are compared for detecting the effect of COVID-19, including diffusion-tensor imaging, diffusion-tensor decomposition of orthogonal moments and correlated diffusion imaging.

Effects of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome on the functional brain networks of non-hospitalized individuals.

Introduction: The long-term impact of COVID-19 on brain function remains poorly understood, despite growing concern surrounding post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS). The goal of this cross-sectional, observational study was to determine whether there are significant alterations in resting brain function among non-hospitalized individuals with PACS, compared to symptomatic individuals with non-COVID infection.

Methods: Data were collected for 51 individuals who tested positive for COVID-19 (mean age 41±12 yrs.

Perfusion Imaging of Traumatic Brain Injury.

The mechanisms for regulating cerebral blood flow (CBF) are highly sensitive to traumatic brain injury (TBI). The perfusion imaging technique may be used to assess CBF and identify perfusion abnormalities following a TBI. Studies have identified CBF disturbances across the injury severity spectrum and correlations with both acute and long-term indices of clinical outcome.

Correction: Valcic et al. Determining Whether Sex and Zygosity Modulates the Association between APOE4 and Psychosis in a Neuropathologically-Confirmed Alzheimer's Disease Cohort. 2022, , 1266.

In the original publication [...

Altered connectivity of default mode and executive control networks among female patients with persistent post-concussion symptoms.

Objective: To examine the roles of the default mode network (DMN) and executive control network (ECN) in prolonged recovery after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), and relationships with indices of white matter microstructural injury.

Methods: Seventeen mTBI patients with persistent symptoms were imaged an average of 21.5 months post-injury, along with 23 healthy controls.

Psychotic Disorders in the Elderly: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Treatment.

This review covers the latest advances in our understanding of psychosis in the elderly population with respect to diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment. Major topics of discussion include late life psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and delusional disorder as well as dementia-related psychosis. Clinical differences between early-onset and late-onset disorders are reviewed in terms of prevalence, symptomatology, and approach to treatment.

Sex Modifies the Associations of APOEɛ4 with Neuropsychiatric Symptom Burden in Both At-Risk and Clinical Cohorts of Alzheimer's Disease.

Background: Recent work suggests that APOEɛ4/4 females with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are more susceptible to developing neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS).

Objective: To examine the interaction of sex and APOEɛ4 status on NPS burden using two independent cohorts: 1) patients at risk for AD with mild cognitive impairment and/or major depressive disorder (n = 252) and 2) patients with probable AD (n = 7,261).

Methods: Regression models examined the interactive effects of sex and APOEɛ4 on the number of NPS experienced and NPS Severity.

Determining Whether Sex and Zygosity Modulates the Association between APOE4 and Psychosis in a Neuropathologically-Confirmed Alzheimer's Disease Cohort.

Background: The APOE4 allele is a genetic risk factor for developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous work by our group revealed that female APOE4 homozygotes with Lewy body (LB) pathology were more likely to experience psychosis compared to female APOE4 non-carriers, whereas in males there was no APOE4 dose-dependent significant effect. The objective of this study was to refine our previous findings by adjusting for covariates and determining the probability of an APOE4 sex-mediated effect on psychosis.

Delusional Severity Is Associated with Abnormal Texture in FLAIR MRI.

Background: This study examines the relationship between delusional severity in cognitively impaired adults with automatically computed volume and texture biomarkers from the Normal Appearing Brain Matter (NABM) in FLAIR MRI. Methods: Patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 24) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD, n = 18) with delusions of varying severities based on Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPI-Q) (1—mild, 2—moderate, 3—severe) from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) were analyzed for this task. The NABM region, which is gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) combined, was automatically segmented in FLAIR MRI volumes with intensity standardization and thresholding.

Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire Assessed Nighttime Behaviors in Cognitively Asymptomatic Patients with Pathologically Confirmed Alzheimer's Disease Predict More Rapid Cognitive Deterioration.

Background: The temporal relationship between sleep, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and cognitive impairment remains to be further elucidated.

Objective: First, we aim to determine whether the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPI-Q) assessed nighttime behaviors prior to cognitive decline influence the rate of cognitive deterioration in pathologically confirmed AD, and second, to assess the possible interactions with APOE allele and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA).

Methods: The rate of cognitive decline between cognitively asymptomatic participants from the National Alzheimer Coordinating Center who eventually received a neuropathologic diagnosis of AD with (+NTB) or without (-NTB) nighttime behaviors were compared using independent samples t-test.

Cerebello-cerebral Functional Connectivity Networks in Major Depressive Disorder: a CAN-BIND-1 Study Report.

Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated aberrant structure and function of the "cognitive-affective cerebellum" in major depressive disorder (MDD), although the specific role of the cerebello-cerebral circuitry in this population remains largely uninvestigated. The objective of this study was to delineate the role of cerebellar functional networks in depression. A total of 308 unmedicated participants completed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, of which 247 (148 MDD; 99 healthy controls, HC) were suitable for this study.

Cerebral blood flow is associated with matrix metalloproteinase levels during the early symptomatic phase of concussion.

Concussion is associated with disrupted cerebral blood flow (CBF), although there appears to be substantial inter-individual variability in CBF response. At present, the mechanisms of variable CBF response remain incompletely understood, but one potential contributor is matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. In more severe forms of acquired brain injury, MMP up-regulation contributes to CBF impairments via increased blood-brain barrier permeability.