Early maladaptive schemas in Finnish adult chronic male and female pain patients.

Background and aims of the study The connection between chronic pain and traumatic experiences in childhood has been established in several studies. The association of emotional maltreatment with chronic pain has been studied, but to a lesser degree. Schema therapy [24] is an extension of cognitive therapy and presents the early maladaptive schema (EMS) concept.

Alexithymia and depression in the recovery of chronic pain patients: a follow-up study.

Background: Childhood adversities and emotional dysregulation are connected with chronic pain, alexithymia, and depression. Longitudinal studies exploring the impact of their co-occurrence on the pain situation are rare.

Aims: The influence of alexithymia, depression, baseline pain situation, and treatment options on the course of chronic pain in a clinical sample was studied.

The role of alexithymia: An 8-year follow-up study of chronic pain patients.

Objective: The aim of this 8-year follow-up study was to ascertain changes in alexithymia, depressiveness and pain situation in a sample of chronic pain patients and to explore the impact of alexithymia and depression on the outcome.

Methods: Participants (n=83) were chronic non-malignant pain patients who completed self-report study questionnaires before their first visit to the pain clinic and again 8years later. Study variables consisted of pain intensity measured by the Visual Analogous Scale, the Pain Disability Scale, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory.

Alexithymia and Early Maladaptive Schemas in chronic pain patients.

Psychological factors have an impact on subjective pain experience. The aim of this study was to explore the occurrence of alexithymia and Early Maladaptive Schemas in a sample of 271 first visit chronic pain patients of six pain clinics. The patients completed the study questionnaire consisting of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20, the Finnish version of the Young Schema Questionnaire short form-extended, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, and pain variables.

Changes in schemas of patients with severe borderline personality disorder: the Oulu BPD study.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a relatively common and severe psychiatric disorder that can impair quality of life in many ways. The aim of this study was to determine whether a combined treatment model for BPD patients, utilising major principles from schema-focused therapy (SFT) and dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), could be more effective in relieving early maladaptive schemas of BPD patients, compared to treatment as usual (TAU). This study is a part of the Oulu BPD study conducted at mental health care services run by Oulu city social and health care services.

Alexithymia and depression in a chronic pain patient sample.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of alexithymia in a sample of general chronic pain patients, to explore possible differences in depression and pain variables between alexithymic and nonalexithymic chronic pain patients and to analyze if depression is a mediator between alexithymia and pain disability.

Methods: Two hundred and seventy-one patients making their first visit to a pain clinic completed the study questionnaire including various pain measures, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). The sample was dichotomized to alexithymic and nonalexithymic groups.

Early maladaptive schema factors, pain intensity, depressiveness and pain disability: an analysis of biopsychosocial models of pain.

Purpose: To test different biopsychosocial models of pain within two different samples.

Method: Early maladaptive schemas, pain intensity, depressiveness and pain disability were assessed using questionnaire data from 271 first visit pain patients and 276 municipal employees as controls. Exploratory factor analysis was used as the early maladaptive schema factor extraction method and path analysis as the model specification and estimation method.

Early maladaptive schema factors, chronic pain and depressiveness: a study with 271 chronic pain patients and 331 control participants.

Chronic pain and depression are coexisting entities with high simultaneous prevalence. Both are linked with early adversities. Early maladaptive schemas (EMS) can be seen as a reflection of these adversities.

Early maladaptive schemas in Finnish adult chronic pain patients and a control sample.

Engel (1959) suggested that negative physical or emotional experiences in childhood predispose to the development of chronic pain. Studies have shown that physical and sexual abuse in early life is connected with chronic pain. Emotional adversities are much less studied causes contributing to the development of chronic pain and disability.

The psychometric properties of the Finnish Young Schema Questionnaire in chronic pain patients and a non-clinical sample.

We investigated the latent factor structure of the Finnish Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S2-extended; short form) in samples of chronic pain patients (n=271) and controls (n=331) with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The data in the total sample supported the 18-factor structure as hypothesized by Young, J. E.