828 kHz retinal imaging with an 840 nm Fourier domain mode locked laser.

This paper presents a Fourier domain mode locked (FDML) laser centered around 840 nm. It features a bidirectional sweep repetition rate of 828 kHz and a spectral bandwidth of 40 nm. An axial resolution of ∼9.

Ultrafast Spectral Tuning of a Fiber Laser for Time-Encoded Multiplex Coherent Raman Scattering Microscopy.

Coherent Raman scattering microscopy utilizing bioorthogonal tagging approaches like isotope or alkyne labeling allows for a targeted monitoring of spatial distribution and dynamics of small molecules of interest in cells, tissues, and other complex biological matrices. To fully exploit this approach in terms of real-time monitoring of several Raman tags, e.g.

Intravascular optical coherence elastography.

Optical coherence elastography (OCE), a functional extension of optical coherence tomography (OCT), visualizes tissue strain to deduce the tissue's biomechanical properties. In this study, we demonstrate intravascular OCE using a 1.1 mm motorized catheter and a 1.

Spectroscopic thermo-elastic optical coherence tomography for tissue characterization.

Optical imaging techniques that provide free space, label free imaging are powerful tools in obtaining structural and biochemical information in biological samples. To date, most of the optical imaging technologies create images with a specific contrast and require multimodality integration to add additional contrast. In this study, we demonstrate spectroscopic Thermo-elastic Optical Coherence Tomography (TE-OCT) as a potential tool in tissue identification.

Continuous spectral zooming for live 4D-OCT with MHz A-scan rates and long coherence.

We present continuous three-dimensional spectral zooming in live 4D-OCT using a home-built FDML based OCT system with 3.28 MHz A-scan rate. Improved coherence characteristics of the FDML laser allow for imaging ranges up to 10 cm.

Flexible A-scan rate MHz-OCT: efficient computational downscaling by coherent averaging.

In order to realize adjustable A-scan rates of fast optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems, we investigate averaging of OCT image data acquired with a MHz-OCT system based on a Fourier Domain Mode Locked (FDML) laser. Increased system sensitivity and image quality can be achieved with the same system at the cost of lower imaging speed. Effectively, the A-scan rate can be reduced in software by a freely selectable factor.

In-vitro and in-vivo imaging of coronary artery stents with Heartbeat OCT.

To quantify the impact of cardiac motion on stent length measurements with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and to demonstrate in vivo OCT imaging of implanted stents, without motion artefacts. The study consists of: clinical data evaluation, simulations and in vivo tests. A comparison between OCT-measured and nominal stent lengths in 101 clinically acquired pullbacks was carried out, followed by a simulation of the effect of cardiac motion on stent length measurements, experimentally and computationally.

Simultaneous Morphological and Flow Imaging Enabled by Megahertz Intravascular Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography.

We demonstrate three-dimensional intravascular flow imaging compatible with routine clinical image acquisition workflow by means of megahertz (MHz) intravascular Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). The OCT system relies on a 1.1 mm diameter motorized imaging catheter and a 1.

Correction: Live video rate volumetric OCT imaging of the retina with multi-MHz A-scan rates.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Wavelength agile multi-photon microscopy with a fiber amplified diode laser.

Multi-photon microscopy is a powerful tool in biomolecular research. Less complex and more cost effective excitation light sources will make this technique accessible to a broader community. Semiconductor diode seeded fiber lasers have proven to be especially robust, low cost and easy to use.

Live video rate volumetric OCT imaging of the retina with multi-MHz A-scan rates.

Surgical microscopes are vital tools for ophthalmic surgeons. The recent development of an integrated OCT system for the first time allows to look at tissue features below the surface. Hence, these systems can drastically improve the quality and reduce the risk of surgical interventions.

Ultra low noise Fourier domain mode locked laser for high quality megahertz optical coherence tomography.

We investigate the origin of high frequency noise in Fourier domain mode locked (FDML) lasers and present an extremely well dispersion compensated setup which virtually eliminates intensity noise and dramatically improves coherence properties. We show optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging at 3.2 MHz A-scan rate and demonstrate the positive impact of the described improvements on the image quality.

High-speed fiber scanning endoscope for volumetric multi-megahertz optical coherence tomography.

We present a forward-viewing fiber scanning endoscope (FSE) for high-speed volumetric optical coherence tomography (OCT). The reduction in size of the probe was achieved by substituting the focusing optics by an all-fiber-based imaging system which consists of a combination of scanning single-mode fibers, a glass spacer, made from a step-index multi-mode fiber, and a gradient-index fiber. A lateral resolution of 11 μm was achieved at a working distance of 1.

High-resolution retinal swept source optical coherence tomography with an ultra-wideband Fourier-domain mode-locked laser at MHz A-scan rates.

We present a new 1060 nm Fourier domain mode locked laser (FDML laser) with a record 143 nm sweep bandwidth at 2∙ 417 kHz  =  834 kHz and 120 nm at 1.67 MHz, respectively. We show that not only the bandwidth alone, but also the shape of the spectrum is critical for the resulting axial resolution, because of the specific wavelength-dependent absorption of the vitreous.

Thermo-elastic optical coherence tomography.

The absorption of nanosecond laser pulses induces rapid thermo-elastic deformation in tissue. A sub-micrometer scale displacement occurs within a few microseconds after the pulse arrival. In this Letter, we investigate the laser-induced thermo-elastic deformation using a 1.

Single pulse two photon fluorescence lifetime imaging (SP-FLIM) with MHz pixel rate.

Two-photon-excited fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is a chemically specific 3-D sensing modality providing valuable information about the microstructure, composition and function of a sample. However, a more widespread application of this technique is hindered by the need for a sophisticated ultra-short pulse laser source and by speed limitations of current FLIM detection systems. To overcome these limitations, we combined a robust sub-nanosecond fiber laser as the excitation source with high analog bandwidth detection.

Heartbeat OCT: in vivo intravascular megahertz-optical coherence tomography.

Cardiac motion artifacts, non-uniform rotational distortion and undersampling affect the image quality and the diagnostic impact of intravascular optical coherence tomography (IV-OCT). In this study we demonstrate how these limitations of IV-OCT can be addressed by using an imaging system that we called "Heartbeat OCT", combining a fast Fourier Domain Mode Locked laser, fast pullback, and a micromotor actuated catheter, designed to examine a coronary vessel in less than one cardiac cycle. We acquired in vivo data sets of two coronary arteries in a porcine heart with both Heartbeat OCT, working at 2.

High definition live 3D-OCT in vivo: design and evaluation of a 4D OCT engine with 1 GVoxel/s.

We present a 1300 nm OCT system for volumetric real-time live OCT acquisition and visualization at 1 billion volume elements per second. All technological challenges and problems associated with such high scanning speed are discussed in detail as well as the solutions. In one configuration, the system acquires, processes and visualizes 26 volumes per second where each volume consists of 320 x 320 depth scans and each depth scan has 400 usable pixels.

Optical coherence tomography guided laser cochleostomy: towards the accuracy on tens of micrometer scale.

Lasers have been proven to be precise tools for bone ablation. Applying no mechanical stress to the patient, they are potentially very suitable for microsurgery on fragile structures such as the inner ear. However, it remains challenging to control the laser-bone ablation without injuring embedded soft tissue.

Intravascular optical coherence tomography imaging at 3200 frames per second.

We demonstrate intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging with frame rate up to 3.2 kHz (192,000 rpm scanning). This was achieved by using a custom-built catheter in which the circumferential scanning was actuated by a 1.

Joint aperture detection for speckle reduction and increased collection efficiency in ophthalmic MHz OCT.

Joint-aperture optical coherence tomography (JA-OCT) is an angle-resolved OCT method, in which illumination from an active channel is simultaneously probed by several passive channels. JA-OCT increases the collection efficiency and effective sensitivity of the OCT system without increasing the power on the sample. Additionally, JA-OCT provides angular scattering information about the sample in a single acquisition, so the OCT imaging speed is not reduced.

Chromatic polarization effects of swept waveforms in FDML lasers and fiber spools.

We present detailed investigations of chromatic polarization effects, caused by fiber spools used in FDML lasers and buffering spools for rapidly wavelength swept lasers. We introduce a novel wavelength swept FDML laser source, specially tailored for polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (OCT) which switches between two different linear polarization states separated by 45°, i.e.

Membrane composition of jetted lipid vesicles: a Raman spectroscopy study.

Microfluidic jetting is a promising method to produce giant unilamellar phospholipid vesicles for mimicking living cells in biomedical studies. We have investigated the chemical composition of membranes of vesicles prepared using this approach by means of Raman scattering spectroscopy. The membranes of all jetted vesicles are found to contain residuals of the organic solvent decane used in the preparation of the initial planar membrane.