Prolongation of spinal duration by escalating doses of intrathecal epinephrine in lower limb arthroplasty.

The optimal dose of low-dose intrathecal epinephrine in the absence of intrathecal opioids is unknown. Prospective, randomized, double blind clinical trial of patients undergoing lower limb arthroplasties. The primary end point was spinal block duration measured via motor and sensory block duration.

Hydroxyethyl starch and acute kidney injury in orthotopic liver transplantation: a single-center retrospective review.

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Hepatic failure pathophysiology and intraoperative events contribute to AKI after OLT. Colloids are routinely used to maintain intravascular volume during OLT.