Loss of cooperative function of transforming growth factor-beta signaling proteins, smad3 with embryonic liver fodrin, a beta-spectrin, in primary biliary cirrhosis.

Unlabelled: Modulation of fibrogenesis, epithelial, and mesenchymal cell fates are prominent effects of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling by Smad proteins. We have previously shown that Smad2 and Smad3 insufficiency leads to a loss of bile ducts. In addition, Smad3/4 activity is mediated by embryonic liver fodrin (ELF), a beta-Spectrin.