Practices and preferences for HIV testing and treatment services amongst partners of transgender women in Lima, Peru: An exploratory, mixed methods study.

Background: In Peru, one-third of transgender women (TW) are estimated to be living with HIV. While TW are recognized as a priority population, their sexual partners are an at-risk hidden population with unmet needs for HIV services. We conducted a study examining the practices and preferences for HIV services among partners of transgender women (PTW), as compared to TW, to better understand the needs of PTW and inform HIV service delivery for them in Peru.

Acceptability of venue-based HIV testing and prevention interventions for men who have sex with transgender women and transgender women in Lima, Perú: a formative, qualitative study.

Background: Despite being at elevated risk for HIV, men who have sex with transgender women (MSTW) are an overlooked population in the global HIV response. Venue-based HIV interventions have previously had success reaching other HIV priority populations, including transgender women (TW). Similar approaches could be applied for MSTW.

Impact of youth lay health workers on HIV service delivery in South Africa: A pragmatic cluster randomized trial of the Youth Health Africa program.

Background: Innovative approaches are needed to increase lay health workers in HIV programs. The Youth Health Africa (YHA) program is a novel approach that places young adults seeking work experience in one-year internships in health facilities to support HIV-related programming (e.g.

Does a youth intern programme strengthen HIV service delivery in South Africa? An interrupted time-series analysis.

Introduction: Since 2018, Youth Health Africa (YHA) has placed unemployed young adults at health facilities across South Africa in 1-year non-clinical internships to support HIV services. While YHA is primarily designed to improve employment prospects for youth, it also strives to strengthen the health system. Hundreds of YHA interns have been placed in programme (e.

"They are gaining experience; we are gaining extra hands": a mixed methods study to assess healthcare worker perceptions of a novel strategy to strengthen human resources for HIV in South Africa.

Background: Lay health workers (LHWs) can support the HIV response by bridging gaps in human resources for health. Innovative strategies are needed to expand LHW programs in many low- and middle-income countries. Youth Health Africa (YHA) is a novel LHW approach implemented in South Africa that places young adults needing work experience in one-year non-clinical internships at health facilities to support HIV programs (e.

Providing "a beam of light to see the gaps": determinants of implementation of the Systems Analysis and Improvement Approach applied to the pediatric and adolescent HIV cascade in Kenya.

Background: Children and adolescents living with HIV have poorer rates of HIV testing, treatment, and virologic suppression than adults. Strategies that use a systems approach to optimize these multiple, linked steps simultaneously are critical to close these gaps.

Methods: The Systems Analysis and Improvement Approach (SAIA) was adapted and piloted for the pediatric and adolescent HIV care and treatment cascade (SAIA-PEDS) at 6 facilities in Kenya.

Prevalence of rotavirus among older children and adults with diarrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Older children and adults are susceptible to rotavirus, but the extent to which rotavirus affects this population is not fully understood, hindering accuracy of global rotavirus estimations.

Objective: To determine what proportion of diarrhea cases are due to rotavirus among persons ≥ 5 years old and to estimate this proportion by age strata.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using the PRISMA guidelines.

Evaluation of the uptake of tuberculosis preventative therapy for people living with HIV in Namibia: a multiple methods analysis.

Background: In 2016, Namibia had ~ 230,000 people living with HIV (PLHIV) and 9154 new tuberculosis (TB) cases, including 3410 (38%) co-infected cases. TB preventative therapy (TPT), consisting of intensive case finding and isoniazid preventative therapy, is critical to reducing TB disease and mortality.

Methods: Between November 2014 and February 2015, data was abstracted from charts of PLHIV enrolled in HIV treatment.

Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults.

Background: Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert MTB/RIF) and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert Ultra), the newest version, are the only World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended rapid tests that simultaneously detect tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in persons with signs and symptoms of tuberculosis, at lower health system levels. A previous Cochrane Review found Xpert MTB/RIF sensitive and specific for tuberculosis (Steingart 2014). Since the previous review, new studies have been published.

Use of the Fogg Behavior Model to Assess the Impact of a Social Marketing Campaign on Condom Use in Pakistan.

The Fogg Behavior Model (FBM) is a new framework which posits that behavior happens when three factors - motivation, ability, and a prompt - occur in the same moment. The FBM categorizes people into four groups based on motivation and ability and posits that those with high motivation and high ability will adopt a behavior when prompted. Two rounds of panel survey data from 617 married men in urban Pakistan were used to test this hypothesis.

Using the polio programme to deliver primary health care in Nigeria: implementation research.

Objective: To evaluate a project that integrated essential primary health-care services into the oral polio vaccine programme in hard-to-reach, underserved communities in northern Nigeria.

Methods: In 2013, Nigeria's polio emergency operation centre adopted a new approach to rapidly raise polio immunity and reduce newborn, child and maternal morbidity and mortality. We identified, trained and equipped eighty-four mobile health teams to provide free vaccination and primary-care services in 3176 hard-to-reach settlements.

Evaluating a framework for tuberculosis screening among healthcare workers in clinical settings, Inner Mongolia, China.

Background: Health care workers are at high risk for tuberculosis (TB). China, a high burden TB country, has no policy on medical surveillance for TB among healthcare workers. In this paper, we evaluate whether China's national TB diagnostic guidelines could be used as a framework to screen healthcare workers for pulmonary TB disease in a clinical setting in China.

Under-reporting of sputum smear-positive tuberculosis cases in Kenya.

Background: Although an estimated three million tuberculosis (TB) cases worldwide are missed by national TB programs annually, the level of under-reporting of diagnosed cases in high TB burden settings is largely unknown.

Objective: To quantify and describe under-reporting of sputum smear-positive TB cases in Kenya.

Design: A national-level retrospective TB inventory study was conducted.

Motivational interviewing in medical care settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Objective: Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a method for encouraging people to make behavioral changes to improve health outcomes. We used systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate MI's efficacy in medical care settings.

Methods: Database searches located randomized clinical trials that compared MI to comparison conditions and isolated the unique effect of MI within medical care settings.

Burden of tuberculosis in indigenous peoples globally: a systematic review.

Background: The burden of tuberculosis (TB) in the estimated 370 million indigenous peoples worldwide is unknown.

Objective: To conduct a literature review to summarize the TB burden in indigenous peoples, identify gaps in current knowledge, and provide the foundation for a research agenda prioritizing indigenous health within TB control.

Methods: A systematic literature review identified articles published between January 1990 and November 2011 quantifying TB disease burden in indigenous populations worldwide.

What we know about offenders who drive under the influence: analysis of court case file reviews.

This paper presents findings from a quantitative study about alcohol-impaired drivers in Utah. The University of Utah's Social Research Institute conducted a retrospective case file evaluation about the adjudication and sanctioning phases associated with driving under the influence (DUI) to determine Utah's response to DUI crime from arrest forward. Although Utah driver's license and court systems are on the cutting edge of dealing with DUI offenders, we found a variety of limitations for analysis due to data collection and entry.

Intraoperative duplex ultrasonography as an adjunct to technical excellence in 100 consecutive carotid endarterectomies.

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship of intraoperative duplex ultrasonography (duplex) results to neurologic outcomes and restenosis among patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA).

Methods: One hundred consecutive CEAs were performed at a military medical center over 28 months. Prospectively acquired demographics, duplex results, revisions, and surgical outcomes were reviewed.

Carotid endarterectomy remains the gold standard.

Background: To compare the safety and efficacy of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) as performed in a community medical center with the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS) and North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) standards and with representative published results regarding carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS).

Methods: Between 1 January 1994 and 31 July 2000, 267 CEA procedures were performed on 236 patients at Madigan Army Medical Center (MAMC). Prospectively acquired patient demographics, operative indications, and surgical outcomes were reviewed using clinical records, carotid duplex evaluations, and follow-up examinations.

Fragment wound pseudoaneurysm presenting 54 years after injury(1).

A 74-year-old man presented with acute arterial insufficiency of the left leg. Surgical history was remarkable for a mortar fragment injury to his proximal medial left thigh in 1945. His wounds healed secondarily after operative debridement.

The natural history of early recurrent carotid artery stenosis.

Background: Early recurrent carotid stenosis, defined as greater than 50% stenosis within 2 years of a carotid endarterectomy (CEA), occurs in 4% to 19% of patients. These lesions are secondary to myointimal hyperplasia (MH). The natural history of these lesions has been examined prospectively, but the appropriate management of these lesions has not been clearly defined.

Duplex-guided compression of iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysms.

Background: Iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms are a major complication following percutaneous cannulations of the femoral artery. Surgical repair has been the traditional treatment modality. Recent reports have introduced duplex-guided compression as a means of nonoperative management of these injuries.

Intraoperative determination of intestinal viability by pulse oximetry.

The utility of transserosal photoplethysmographic pulse oximetry (PO) to assess intestinal viability intraoperatively was evaluated using an experimental canine model. Comparisons of PO were made with continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound (CWDU) and fluorescein (FL) using histopathologic examination for control. Clinical examination estimates were included for reference.

Natural history of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis associated with aortic disease.

The natural history of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis has not been well defined, particularly when discovered in conjunction with aortic disease requiring correction. To better define the natural history of such lesions, 194 sequential aortograms in 48 patients were studied to define predictive criteria for stenoses at risk for progression. Sixty-six unsuspected atherosclerotic renal arterial stenoses were identified on the initial aortograms.

Left flank retroperitoneal exposure: a technical aid to complex aortic reconstruction.

Over the last 5 years an extended left flank retroperitoneal approach was used in 85 of 531 (16%) aortic reconstructions deemed technically complex. Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair was performed in 70 patients (82%), bypass of aortoiliac occlusive disease was performed in 11 (13%), and aortic endarterectomy for mesenteric and/or renovascular disease was performed in 4 (5%). Indications for use of this approach included a "hostile" abdomen (43 patients), juxta/suprarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (35), large (greater than 10 cm) abdominal aortic aneurysm (12), extreme obesity (10), associated renal and/or visceral artery stenosis requiring endarterectomy (9), inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm (2), and horseshoe kidney (2).